U.S. History Final

-granted a quarter section (160 acres) of the public domain free to any settler who lived on the land for at least 5 years and improved it or who could buy the land for $1.25 per acre after on;y six months residence
-sparked the largest migration in American history
-only 10% of all settlers fot their start under its terms, and nearly half of all home-steaders lost their claims
-rather than filing a homestead claim with their federal government, most settlers aquired their land outright
-state government and land companies usually held the most valuable land near trandportation and markets and the majotiry if farmers were willing to pay a hefty price for those benefits

-"land grant" colleges acquired space for campuses in return for promising to institute agricultural programs

-freed the slaves in the area of rebellion (the areas the Union did not control) but specifically exempted slaves in the border states and in former confederate area conquered by the Union

-simply gave a name to a proccess that was already happening (slaves moving to Union soil)

Where: Colorado
Who: white Colorado volunteers vs Cheyenne
-eliminated all treaties with tribes, governor John Evans encouraged raids of Cheyenne campgrounds
-Cheyenne cheif Black Kettle held up U.S. flag and white truce banner but whites still slaughtered over 200 Cheyennes

Sherman's March to Sea was a march by General Sherman in 1864 in America. Sherman set out to create total war and destroy everythig in his path. Sherman believed that the South needed to be punished because they continued to participate in a lifestyle that required so much violence. Sherman captured Georgia, and that was a major turning point for the Union and the win they so desired. Due to Sherman's big victory, Lincoln was re-elected and slavery was abolished. The win showed the Union had much control in South.

Banning slavery throughout the U.S.

-Lee and his 25,000 troops surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House
-grant gave teh Confederate troops parole (could not subsequently be prosecuted for treason)

-provided food, clothing, fuel to former slzves
-supervised and managed all the abandoned lands in the south
-controlled all subjects relating to refugees and freedom
-built schools, paid teachers, established courts to prosecute those charged with depriving blacks of their civil rights
-helped lay foundation for southern public education
-helped in establishing blacks into society

-defined national citizenship to include former slaves and prohibited the states from violating the privileges of citizens without due process of law
-empowered Congress to reduce the representation of any state that denied suffrage to males over 21
-changes rules of representation (3/5 rule)

-divided the south into 5 military districts subject to martial law
-once these states had drafted a new contsitution, garunteed black voting rights, and ratified the 14th amendment, they were eligible for admission to the union
-encouraged even more political activity among blacks

-divided the South into 5 military districts subject to martial law
-once these states had drafted new constitutions, garunteed black voting rights, and ratified 14th amendment. they were eligible for readmission to the union

Where: Existing Indian territory
Who: Comanches, Plains Apaches, kiowas, Cheyennes, Arapahoes, Sioux, Shoshones, Bannocks
-All competing intensely for survival
-corrupt gov used money for own selves and reduced supplies (malnutrition, demoralization, and desperation)
-Buffalo met needs for meat and clothes for Pawnees, Crows, and Sioux (buffalos nearly all gone-starvation)
-only fight or die

-waged an ongoing terroritst campaign against Reconstrution governments and local leaders
-acted as a kind of guerrilla military force in the service of the Democratic Party, the planter class, and all those who sought the restoration of white supremacy

-granted Sioux the right to occupy the Black Hills, or Paha Sapa, their sacred land
-but discovery of gold undermined it
-resolution to the Great Sioux war

-Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho warriors moved into war camps and prepared for battle

The rights of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged on account of race, color, or previous conditions of servitude

Where: Headed in Chicago
Who: founded by a group of Philedelphia garment cutters
-grew to become the largest labor organization in the 19th century
-the order sought to bring toegther wage earners, regardless of skill
-endorsed a variety of reform measures to offset the power of the industrialists
-restriction of child labor, a graduated income tax, more land set aside for homesteading, the abolition of contract labo, ad monetary reform
-believe that the 'processing classes', once freed from the grip of corporate monopoly and the curses of ignorance and alcohol, would transfer the U.S. into a genuinely democratic society
-sought to overturn the wage system, and as an alternitive, they promoted producers cooperatives
-helped women
-women and blacks had own groups inside KOL
-Chinese were excluded
-ultimately failed

-entailed gaining control of the market for a single product

-a firm gained control of production at every step of the way

Liberal Repub-Horace Greeley
Ulysses grant-won

-accelerated the trend toward fedreal abandonment of blacks citizenship rights

-End of Freedman's Bureau
-Supreme court cases that invalidate 14 and 15
-victory of Democrats throughout the south
-shift in republican party priorities away from south

-court separated national citizenship from state citizenship
-declared that most of the rights that Americans enjoyed on a daily basis were under the control of state law
-this denied the original intent of 14th Amendment, which was to protect against state infringment of national citizenship rights
-future prosecution would depend on states, not dfederal authorities
-undid the 14 and 15 amendments, which were the requirement for southern readmission

Dem-Samuel Tilden
repub- Rutherfod Hayes

-rigged votes
-Electroal Commission elected Hayes

-complete repudiation of the idea of a powerful federal government protecting the rights of all American citizens

-from southern and eastern Europe
-lacked industrial skills
-entered the bottom ranks of factories, mines, mills, and sweatshops
-most planned on earning a stake and then returning home

-majority of population lived there
-crowded, unsanitory, no ventilation, no light, no plumbing, diseases, multigenerational, poverty, malnutritution, infant moratlity, crime

-restricted chinese Immigration by baring laborers, limiting the civil rights of Chinese residents, and forbade their naturalization

Who: Congressional minister
-commentary linked economic and spiritual expansion
-advocated an 'imperialism of righteousness'
-indentified white Americans as the best agents for 'Christianizing' and 'civilizing' the people of Africa and the Pacific and beyond

-missionaries were an importasnt role in preparing American economic expansion

-sought recognition of its own union status to bargain with employers for better working conditions, higher wages, and shorter hours
-in reutnr, it offered compliant firms the benefit of amendable day-to-day relations with the most highly skilled wage earnes
-only if companies refused to bargain in good faith would union member resort to strikes
-organized craft workers only

-incorporated many things from assimilation and established federal Indian policy for decades to come
-allowed president to distribute land, not to tribes, but to individuals legally 'severed' from their tribes
-those individuals who accepted the land allotment of 160 acres and agreed to alow the government to sell unalloted tribal land (with fund set aside for aducation) could peition to become U.S. citizens

-succesfully undermined tribal soverignty but offered little compensation
-Indian religions and sacred ceremonies were banned, the retelling of legends and myth forbidden, and shaman and medicine men imprisoned or exiled for continuing their traditional practicies
-"indian schools" forbade Indian languages, clothing, styles, and even hair fashions

-the creator told Northern Paiute Wovoka that if Indians came together they would have a special place in the after-life
-gave him a ghost dance
-U.S. demanded it to stop and sent soldiers
-Indians surrender, accidental shot, violence breaks out

-marked the final conquest of the continent's indigenous peoples

-demanding state ownership of the railroads, a graduated income tax, lower tariffs, restriction of land ownership to citizens, and easier access to money through 'the free and unlimited coinage of silver'

-unlimited coinage of silvr
-Populists favored

Where: South
-local and state governments codified racial ideology by passing discriminatory and segregationist legislation
-referred to the customs of segregation that were being secured by legislation throughout south
-'whites only' and 'colored' rigns appeared over things

-to uncover the bad that is happening and publish it
EX: Ida B. Wells-lynching-Red Record
Ida Tarbell-Rockefeller's unfair practices
-Upton Sinclair-the Jungle-meatpacking

-strongly opposed anexing Hawaii to u.S.
-queen was desposed of in a plot carried out by an American diplomat and his consirators
-called on Presdient Cleveland to resinstate her as the proper ruler (Cleveland agreeed and ordered her to be reinstated)
-arrested and put in prison for knowledge of treason

-called for government ownership of railroads, banks, and telegraph lines
-prohibition of larger landholding companies
-a graduated income tax
-and eight hour workday
-restriction of immigration
-called for national government to build local warehouses where farmers could store their crops until prices reached acceptable levels

-court upheld a Louisianna state law formally segregating railroad passanger cars on the basis of the 'separate but equal' doctrine

-sponsered a 'white label' campaign in which manufacturers who met safety and sanitary standards could put NCL labels on food and clothes
-publicized labor abuses in department stores and lobbied for maximum hour and minimum wage laws in state legislature

-founded Hull House, one of the first settlement houses
-member of one of the first generations of American women to attend college
-gave young, educated women a way to satisfy their powerful desire to connect with the real world

Who: Jamaican immigrant
-created a mass movement that stressed black economic self-determination and unity among the black ommunities of U.S. Caribbean and Africa
-central message in affirming pride in black identity
-in a world where black is despised, he taught that black is beauty

-W.E.B. DuBois was the only black officer of the original NAACP
-interracial organization
-lead struggles to overturn legal and economic barriers to equal opportunity

-urging blacks to focus on economic improvement and self-reliance, as opposed to political and civil rights
-Booker T. Washington
-focus on improving vocational skills as industrial workers and farmers

-forged a coaliion of angry farmers, small businessmen, and workers with his attacks on railraods and other large corporations
-leader of the progressive faction of the state republicans, won three terms as governor
-served as a senator until his death
-pushed through tougher corporate tax rates
-direct primary
-improved cicial service code
-railraod commission designed to regulate freight charges
-'Wisconsin idea', application of academic scholarship and theory to the needs of the people

Who: Theodore Roosevelt
-created to face the rapid busniess consoidations taking place in the economy
-Justice Department filed 43 cases to restrain or dissolve busniess monopolies
EX: tobacco and beef or standard oil
-established roosevelt as a 'trust-buster'
-viewed these suits as necessary to publicize the issue and assert the fedreal gov ultimate authority over big business

Wo: WFM, Socialist Party, and various radical groups
-IWW would exclude no one
-concentrated on miners, lumberjacks, sailors, 'harvest stiffs', and other casual laborers
-became a force among eastern industiral workers, tapping the rage and growing militance of immigrants and the unskilled

-president of AFL
-leading spokesman for nation's trade union movement
-pledged AFL's patriotic support for war effort
-Wilson appoints him to NWLB

What: Fire racing through 3 floors
Who: women
-flames spread and workers found themselves trapped by exit doors that had been locked from the outside
-half an hour, 146 people, mostly young Jewish women, killed by smoke or leaped to their deaths

-series of state laws that dramatically improved safety conditions and limited the hours for working woman and children

Repub- William Howard Taft

Progressive Party- Teddy Roosevelt and Hiram Johnson
Roosevelt ran on 'New Nationalism'-strong federal gov, woman suffrage, 8-hour day, prohibition of child labor, minimum wage for women, stricter regulations for large coporation

Dem- Woodrow Wilson
Wilson ran on 'New Freedom"- restroring condition of free competition and equality of economic opportunity

Socialist Party- Eugene Debs

-Wilson won, first 'modern' presidential race, first direct primaries (Taft v. Roosevelt)
-challenge to traditional party loyalties
-issue oriented campaign
-high degree of interest group activiy

-authorized a federal income tax

-shifting the selection of U.S. senators from the state legislatures to direct election by voters

Where: 150 miles from the city in Yosemite National Park
-to dam and flood it
-promised to ease the city's chronic freshwater shortage and to generate hydroelectric power
-conservatists and urban progressives argued that it would be a vicotyr for the public good over greedy private developers, since the plan called for municiple contol of water supply
-utility and public development triumphed over the preservation of nature

-campaigned to provide contraceptive information and devices for women
-became and organizer for the IWW and wrote a series of articles on female sexuality for a socialst newspaper
-went to Europe to learn more about contraception

-gained publicity and birth control leagues and clinics could be found in every major city and most large towns in the country

-replaced Sherman-Anti trust Act as the nation's basic antitrust law
-reflected growing political clout of AFL
-exempted unions from being construction as illegal combinations in restraint of trade
-forbade federal courts from issuing injunctions against strikers

-economic opportunity brought on by war prosperity triggered a massive migration of rural black Southerners to northern cities
-acute labor shortages led northern factory managers to recruit black migrants to expanding industrial centers
-blacks left low paying field work for high paying work in meatpacking plants, shipyards, and steel mills
-kinship and community networks crucial
-frequently blacks were forced to squeeze into less desirable and all black neighborhoods

Who: Alice Paul founded
-downplayed significance of suffrage
-argued that women were still subordinate to men in the facet of life
-opposed protective legislation for women, claiming that such laws reinforced sex steroetyping and prevented women from competeing with men in many fields
-largely representing the intersets of professional and business women
-focused on passage of equal rights amendment to the constitution

-a sophisticated and aggressive agency for promoting the war
-pamphlets, articles, books that explained the causes and meaning of the war
-'Four minute men' gave breif patriotic speeches before stage and movie shows
-created posters, slides, newspaper adverstising, and films to promote the war
-movie stars to help sell war bonds at rallies
-led an aggressively negative campaign against all things German
-music, literature, and food were suspect if german
-push for conformity

-gov key tool for suppression of antiwar sentiment
-severe punishment for anyone found guilty of avoiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment, or causing insubordination in the armed forces
-empowered the postmaster general to exclude from the mails any newspapers or magazines he thought treasonous
-had to increase overall police and surveillance machinery
-created FBI

-clearinghouse for industrial mobilization to support the war effort
-proved a major innovation in expanding the regulatory power of the federal government
-given broad authority over the conversion of industrial plants to wartime needs and manufacture of war materials
-had to balance price controls against war profits

Who: german foreign secretary Auther Zimmerman to German ambassador in Mexico
-proposed that an alliance be made between Germany and Mexico if U.S. entered the war

-amendment to Espionage Act
-outlawed any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language intended to cause contempt, scorn, contumely, or disrepute to the gov, Constitution, or flag

-wholesale violations of constitutional rights, deportations of hundreds of innocent people
-took a toll on women's movements due to calling for 100 percent Americanism and they had ties with socialists and labor groups
-deporting any immigrant found to be a member of a revolutionary organization prior to or after coming to U.S.
-people arrested in raids and deported or herded into prisons or bullpens

-attributing the war to the aggression of Germany
-German war reparations at $33 billion

-national ban on alcoholic drinks
-banning manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages

-stimulus for growth of organized crime
-Protestants considered it a worthy moral reform
-many thought it faced the worst problemes faced by working class: family violence, unemployment, and poverty

-granted women suffrage

-the bottom fell out
-over 16 million shares, more than double the previous record, were traded as panic selling took hold
-for many stocks, no buyers were available at any price

-companies laying off
-banks going bankrupt
-family savings gone

-assertion of cultural independence
-mass media allowed Americans and Europeans to thrive in black music
-blacks performed but no blacks could be in audience

represented historical mainstream of the suffrage movement, those who believed that the vote for women would bring a nurturing sensibility and a reform vision to American politics
-concentrated on educating the new female electorate, encouraging women to run for office and supporting laws for the protecting of women and children

Who: By "Rube" Foster
-several professional and semiprofessional leagues for blacks

-to challenge to power and appeal of trade unions and collective bargaining
-large employers aggressively pomoted a variety of new programs designed to improve workers well-being and morale while also fending off unionization
-became a key part of corporate strategy
-the 'American Plan": no known union member would be hired, and if a union existed the nonmembers would still get whatever wages and rights the union had won
-contributed to a sharp decline in the ranks of organized labor
-encouraged workers to acquire property through stocl-purchase plans or home ownership plans
-other programs offered workers insurance policies covering accidents, illness, old age, and death
-many plant managers and personell departments worked to improve saftey conditions, provide medical services, and establish sports and recreation programs for workers

-setting a maximum of 357,000 new immigrants each year
-quotas limited annual immigration from any European country to 3% of the number of its natives counted in the 1910 census

-FDR appointed several blacks to second-level positions in his administration

-petitioned strongly for liberal changes
-protective labor legislation for women
-antilynching legislation
-compulsory health insurance
-child labor reform
-fought racial discrimination in New Deal

-designed to make government credit available to ailing banks, railraods, insurance companies, and other busniessess, thereby stimulating economic activity
-managed to save numerous banks and other busniesses from going under
-did not hasten recovery

What: set up to provide immediate relief to nation's farmers
-established new federal role in agricultural planning and price setting
-established prices for basic farm commodities
-incorporated the principle of subsify (farmers recieved benefit payments in return for reducing acreage or otherwise cutting production where surpluses existed)
-new taxes on food processing would pay for these programs

What: unemployment relief effort
Who: jobless young men
-provided work in protecting and conserving the nation's natural resources
-road construction, reforestation, flood control, and national park improvements

-provided protection to individual depositors in case bank failure

What; Congress authorized $500 million for aid
-half went as direct relief to states
-rest was distributed on the basis of a dollar of federal aid for every 3 dollards of state and local funds spent for relief

-First women cabinet member in U.S. history
-FDR's secretary of labor
-Social Security Act
-Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938
-opened up space for women in beauracracy
-social work profession grew, giving more jobs to women

-bilateral treaties with mexico, Columbia, and British West Indies, El Salvador, and the Dominican Republic allowed American business to dominate local economies, importing their raw material at low prices and flooding their local markets with goods manufactured in America
-often, U.S. investors took over industries of small nations, undercutting national busniess classes

-the Hundred Days
-depression-fighting legislation
-improvised series of reform and relief measures
-fundemental goals of relief, reform, and recovery

Where: Washington
-almost all codes were written by the largest firms in any given industry
-administrative complexities involved with code writing and compliance made people unhappy with operation

What: authorized $3.3 billion for the construction of roads, public buildings, and other projects
-to provide jobs and through increased consumer spending, stimulate the economy

What: build dams and power plants, produced cheap fertilizer, brought low-cost electricity to six southern states
Who: independent public corporation

-insured loans made by banks and other private lenders for home building and home buying

-provided for old-age pensions and unemployment insurance
-payroll tax on workers and their employers created a fund from which retirees recieved monthly pensions after age sixty-five
-established a minimum weekly payment and a minimum number of weeks during which those who lost jobs could collect

-federal government garaunteed the right of American workers to join, or form, independent labor union, and to bargain collectively for improved wages, benefits, and working conditions
-defined and prohibited unfair labor practicies by employers, including firing workers for union activity

-coalition of voters
-white southern Dems, ethnics who supported big city political machines, unionized workers, and many depression-hit farmers
-black voters in North and west rapidly went democratic

Oklahoma family going to California and trying to survive the Dust Bowl

-permitted the sale of arms to Britain, France, and China
-all aid to allies short of war
-France collased so U.S. transfer surplus warships and equipment to Britain
-U.S. peacetime military draft, 1.4 million young men to army training camps
-inevitability of u.S. involvement in war, FDR moved aggressively to aid hard-pressed Britain

-Roosevelt and Churchill met on a warship off Newfoundland and declared common goals for the postwar world
-proclamation for all people to live in freedom from fear, want, and tyranny

Objectives for the world:
-national self-determination
-no territorial aggrandizment
-equal access of all people to raw materials
-collaboration for the improvement of economic opportunities
-freedom of seas
-disarmament
-freedomd from fear and want

-allowed president to sell, exchange, or lease arms to any country whose defense he judged vital to U.S. security
-Britain first beneficiary of massive aid

-established a precedent for executive authority that would endure long after the war's end
-president could reorganize the federal gov and create new agencies, censor all news and information and abridge civil liberties, seize foreign-owned property, and even award gov. contracts without competitive bidding

What: all-black, first black armored unit
-served 183 days in action without relief

Who: U.S. and Mexico
-brought more than 200,000 Mexicans into U.S. for short-term emplyoment (farm and railroad workers)

What: banned over 120,000 Japanese Americans from designated military areas
-army prepared for forced evacuation, rounding up and removing from communities where they had lived and worked, sometimes for generations
-families recieved one week's notice to close up their busniesses and homes
-told to bring only what they could carry
-transported to 1 of 10 interrment camps
-virtually every West Coast resident with at least one Japanese grandparent had been interned

-strategy to strangle the Japanese import-dependent economy
-close in on home islands

-women's division of the navy and army
-better educated and more skilled than average enlisted man
-paid less
-prohibited women from supervising male workers
-barred from combat but still in danger

Who: 44 Allied nations
-created an international Monetary Fund and the World Bank
-expected to help rebuild wartorn Europe and Asia
-U.S. principal supplier of loans, which determine the allocation of loans, could unilaterally reshpae the global economy

What: Start of Allied invasion
-under heavy german machine-gun and mortar fir, British, American, Canadian, and Free French troops hit the Normandy beaches
-2,500 men died in intial assualt
-germans responded slowly, but Americans had tough time gaining toehold

-largest landing operation in history
-midJuly broke out of Normandy and went to French interior

-army unit made up of Japanese
-fought heroically in Italy and France and became most decorated regiment in the war

-the line that divded North (commnists) Korea and South Korea

Where: Berlin
-Soviet's regained and extended territry
-decided to divide the conquered nation into 4 occupation zones, temporarily ruled by Allies

Where: Washington and San Francisco
What: world organization that would atribate disputes among member nations and stop aggressors, by force in necessary
-all 50 nations signed UN charter voted in the general Assembly
-U.S., Britain, Fracne, USSR, and China served permenatly on the Security Council (each has absolute veto power)

What: trying to find a supposed link between Hollywood and communism
-had to power to subpeona witnesses and to compel them to answer all questions or face contempt of Congress charges
-encouraged testimonies by 'friendly witnesses' pertaining to actors/actresses being forced to promote communism
-intimidated many into naming friends and coworkers in order to be able to keep a job in Hollywood
-if people refused to name names in account of violation of 1st and 6th amendments, deemed unfriendly witness and some served prison sentences
-Hollywood would not emply anyone who did not work with HUAC

-'great rally' for equality
Where: Lincoln Memorial, Washinton D.C.

-proposed making ti madatory hat Negroes be permitted to work in defense plants

-EO 8802 banned discrimination in defense industries and gov

-U.S. responsibility to protect countries from the second way of life
-"international police"
-basis for postwar U.S. ideology

-Creating conditions for democracy to florish in Western European nations
-provides capitol for busniess
-restore confidence of the economic future
-13 billion on restorations (most productive)
-provides garaunteed maket for U.S. goods

-declaration of Cold war policy
-defined the struggle between U.S. and Soviets as 'permanent' and the ear of 'total war'
-American citizens must be willing to sacrifice (to give up some of the benefits which they have come to associate with theie freedom) to defend their way of life