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Orange = Global Impact |
Green = Africa |
Red = East Asia |
Purple = South Asia |
Brown = Caribbean... Show More
Orange = Global Impact |
Green = Africa |
Red = East Asia |
Purple = South Asia |
Brown = Caribbean and Latin America |
Blue = Europe |
Yellow = Middle East |
Teal = Southeast Asia |
Black = North America |
Gray = Oceania
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10,000 BCE - 4000 BCE
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Refinement of tools for agriculture, origins of agriculture
Domestication of animals and crops
Earliest Method: Slash and Burn agriculture
Complex Societies developed
5000 BCE
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5000 BCE
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The world's first cities, Ur and Babylon, are established here.
Sumer was polytheistic and built religious pyramid-like temples called ziggurats.
Sumer was organized into city-states and worked to maintain peace and stability.
Large public works projects were undertaken for the betterment of Sumerian society.
4000 BCE
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3500 BCE - 1500 BCE
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Villages grew into cities. Cities that dominated the land around them formed around River Valleys and became River Valley civilizations, such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, and Shang China.
3500 BCE - 500 BCE
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3500 BCE
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Tigris and Euphrates rivers
3100 BCE
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Written on papyrus reeds
Crafted papermaking
3100 BCE
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3000 BCE - 500 CE
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Possession of iron metallurgy information, tools were used to clear land for agriculture (basis of society) and herding throughout all of Africa
Villages were ruled by councils, made up of male heads of families and a village chief. A group of villages = district (the highest form of govt.)
Conflict formed organized military and govt.
3000 BCE
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The Nile River
2630 BCE
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Demonstrates the skilled engineering and advancement of Egyptian engineers and architects
Demonstrates devotion to Egyptian deities and pharaohs
2575 BCE - 2134 BCE
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Basic social and political features took shape
2500 BCE
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Indus River in South Central Asia
2040 BCE - 1640 BCE
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More powerful and culturally dynamic than the Old Kingdom
2000 BCE
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Probably didn't even exist.
2000 BCE
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Started in the city of Ur
Founder of Judaism: Abraham
Settled in a land called Canaan
Monotheism
2000 BCE
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Wide travelers over the Mediterranean due to the lack of space in their kingdom
Simplified cuneiform and produced the first alphabet (basis of modern language)
Great sailors
1800 BCE - 1200 BCE
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Located in the Andes, the Chavin people spread widely throughout the area.
1792 BCE - 1750 BCE
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Basis of all law codes
Practiced lex talionis - the law of retaliation in which upper classes were favored
1750 BCE - 1027 BCE
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Earliest recorded Chinese dynasty
Success based on technology, especially bronze
Surplus agriculture utilized
Extensive and lavish tombs for emperors
Oracle bones and ancestor worship
1700 BCE
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First group to make systematic use of iron weapons
1700 BCE
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Along several rivers in China
1640 BCE
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Ushers in the 2nd Intermediate Period in Egypt
Causes political instability
1532 BCE - 1070 BCE
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Collapses due to internal disorder and foreign invasions
1500 BCE
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Herding peoples that originated in the Caucasus
Invaded the Indian subcontinent, decimating Indus Valley cities
Origin of caste system and Hinduism
1500 BCE
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1500 BCE - 500 BCE
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When the Vedas were recorded, the Rig Veda is most important
Language of Sanskrit used
Aryans and Dravidians constantly fight
No centralized government established; 100s of chiefdoms
1304 BCE - 1237 BCE
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Conquered great deal of territory in North Africa and Middle East
1300 BCE
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Origins of Jerusalem
Use of Mesopotamian law and politics as a guide, but devotion to religion and Yahweh distinguished the Hebrews
Ten Commandments
1250 BCE
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Fight between Troy and Greeks (Mycenaeans) for Helen
1200 BCE
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1200 BCE
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1027 BCE - 221 BCE
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Mandate of Heaven
Confucianism and Daoism established
1000 BCE - 500 BCE
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Relied on more agriculture than herding
1000 BCE
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1000 BCE - 600 CE
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911 BCE - 612 BCE
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Formed one of the world's first true empires
Armed with iron weapons and use of cavalry to conquer
Took over most of Middle East
Policy of cruelty
850 BCE - 800 BCE
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Composed the Iliad and the Odyssey
Blind poet
800 BCE - 300 BCE
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Valued education, emphasis on importance of human effort
Political theory: what's the best form of govt? - no centralized govt.
Concept of polis; first ruled by tyrants later came to be ruled by free men
Women barely free during this period, little freedom
Polytheistic
800 BCE - 700 BCE
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Government: Code of Hammurabi and powerful military
Appointed officers in charge based on merit rather than heredity
Horse-Drawn chariots conquer armies
800 BCE - 300 BCE
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Women are more equal to men; encouraged to be athletic to have healthy babies
Strong military; militaristic state
Men separated from women in the barracks until age 30
776 BCE
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626 BCE - 539 BCE
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End of Assyrian rule
Famous ruler: Nebuchadnezzar, who built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon
604 BCE
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Writer of Tao-Te Ching, Daoism's central text
Antirational belief, seeks wisdom in nature, poetry, and spontaneous behavior.
600 BCE - 500 BCE
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600 BCE
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They were previously passed orally
A collection of hymns, prayers, songs honoring Aryan gods
There are 4 vedas
Reveal much about Aryan society
551 BCE - 479 BCE
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Lived during Zhou Dynasty; was govt. official
Pondered nature between individuals and society
Collect of Analects are conversations between him and his students
550 BCE - 331 BCE
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Created one of the largest empires in World History
First ruler: Cyrus the Great, conquered Iran
540 BCE - 468 BCE
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Founder of Buddhism
Born into a noble family, abandoned rich life to seek the answer to the question of human suffering
Reached enlightenment, "Buddha" (enlightened one)
522 BCE - 486 BCE
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Empire stretched from Libya to India
Governed with help of postal system, excellent road networks (Royal Road), single currency, flexible form of government (satraps ruled in name of emperor)
Zoroastrianism, religious tolerance
500 BCE - 479 BCE
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Fought between Greeks and Achaemenids
Demise of Achaemenid Empire
Greeks believed Persians were uncivilized
Delian League formed afterwards to discourage future Persian aggression
500 BCE - 476 CE
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Perfection of military: Conquer but no defeat
Art and culture derived from Greece
Superb engineering and architecture
Polytheism: religion is not very important to Romans, however
Paterfamilias: Male dominated family structure
490 BCE
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Loss of Darius to the Greeks, marking the end of the Achaemenid Empire
480 BCE - 221 BCE
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Internal collapse and civil wars that plagued the Zhou
470 BCE - 399 BCE
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Method of questioning aimed at exposing ethics and morality
Student: Plato
Honor is more important than wealth and fame and stressed personal integrity: "The unexamined life is not worth living"
461 BCE - 429 BCE
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Democratic government origins
450 BCE
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The Twelve Tables: meant to provide standardized system of law throughout empire
Basic right of defendants: right until proven guilty
Power still lay in hands of the judge
431 BCE - 404 BCE
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Fight between Sparta and Athens
Sparta won, but all Greek states are weakened
Conquered by the Macedons later on
428 BCE - 347 BCE
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Everything is based on forms or ideas
Definitions are not absolute because things like virtue, courage, truth and beauty all mean different things in different situations
400 BCE - 400 CE
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South of Egypt
Nubian Kingdom
Agriculture, livestock grazing, iron ore mining
Collapse due to change in trade patterns and environmental factors (deforestation)
384 BCE - 322 BCe
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Wrote about logic, observation, and experimentation set in place a mode of scientific inquiry that influenced the Western World for centuries
Foundations of the Scientific Method
356 BCE - 323 BCE
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Preserved Greek culture and spread it throughout a vast portion of Eurasia and north Africa
324 BCE - 184 BCE
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Strong military and extensive trade network
Key good: cotton
269 BCE - 232 BCE
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Sickened by war after war of Kalinga
Conversion to Buddhism; advocated peace and tolerance
Rock and Pillar Acts
Encouraged trade with China for silk and opened trade ruites
Justice and Wisdom; efforts for religious unity and tolerance
221 BCE - 206 BCE
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Rule of Shi Huangdi (1st Emperor)
Dictatorial, centralized nation
Standardized weights and measures
Modernized Chinese army by introducing iron weapons and cavalry
Forced labor used to build roads and Great Wall of China
Emphasis on legalism
Large bureaucracy
206 BCE - 220 CE
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Efficiently governed empire
Enlarged Great Wall, built canals to link rivers
Strong economy on Silk production
140 BCE - 87 BCE
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Han armies expanded hundreds of miles
Tributary systems established under his rule
44 BCE
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Killed after declaring himself emperor for life
After his death, 13 years of civil conflict ensued
Sought to unify Rome after the civil war; large public works projects, gave Roman citizenship, gladiators, armies
30 BCE - 14 CE
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Restored order, revived Roman strength and wealth
4 BCE - 29 CE
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The son of God in Christianity
Proclaimed the Kingdom of God
His teachings are immensely popular, Christianity's most important symbol of faith
300 CE - 794 CE
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313 CE
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Enforced by Constantine; legal status granted to Christianity
320 CE - 550 CE
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Smaller and less centralized than Mauryan
Hindu leaders - religious tolerance
Traded with China, SE Asia, Mediterranean
Creation of decimal system, pi, and zero
Fell because of Huns; India remains decentralized for a long time
380 CE
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By 392 CE, it is the empire's only legal faith
400 CE - 600 CE
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City built in central Mexico because of abundant fish supply
Colossal pyramids of sun and the moon
Theocratic government: priests crucial to survival of society
465 - 511
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Acquired large empire for the Franks
Conversion to Catholicism
476 CE
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Conquer by Barbaric tribes
500 CE - 1000 CE
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First major sub-saharan Kingdom
500 CE - 1500 CE
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After the fall of the Western Roman Empire
State of Relative Backwardness
500 - 1100
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In which monks and nuns are not ordained as priests
Stressed contemplation and seclusion
500 CE - 590 CE
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Constantinople was at its best
Building of Hagia Sofia
Justinian Code: Codification of Roman laws
Highest territorial peak
570 CE - 630 CE
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Merchant from Mecca
Meditated in mountains and saw visions
Delivered the word of Allah (God)
Forced out of Mecca to Medina from authorities (Hijra = beginning of Islamic calendar marks this major event)
589 - 618
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Strong central government
Emerged after turmoil of the Han Dynasty
Public Works projects: The Grand Canal
Sui Yangdi, founder
600 CE - 800 CE
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Umma = Muslim political and social community
Caliph = Successor of Muhammad, ruled umma
1st Caliph: Abu Bakr
600 CE
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Rose in Arabia; spread rapidly through the prophet Muhammad
618 - 906
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Expansion of Chinese territory
Maintained empire through system of roads
Equitable distribution of agricultural land
Government jobs were merit based
Military conquests
627 - 649
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2nd Emperor of the Tang Dynasty
Saw himself as Confucian; this period was unusually peaceful and prosperous
Built capital at Chang'an
688 - 741
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Carolingian empire grows powerful under his rule
Turned back Muslim invaders at Battle of Tours
Established Carolingian dynasty
Son Pepin strengthened ties to the Catholic Church
700
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Frankish Kingdom
700 - 800
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Mystical form of Islam that emphasizes on prayer, fasting, and meditation to get closer to Allah
712 - 755
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Extended China's Rule over many regions
Forced neighbors in tributary system (like Han China)
Advanced infrastructure (Grand Canal)
Silk Industry
Indian Ocean Trading
Silk Road
Strong Cultural Influences over Neighbors
732
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Defeat of Muslim invaders by Charles Martel from invading the Carolingian Empire
750
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Allowed all races to rise to positions of power and wealth
Capital at Baghdad
Grew because of independent military force instead of military conquest
Focused on ruling empire
ulama = religious experts
qadis = judges
768 - 814
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Defended territory against Viking, barbarian, and Muslim attacks
Expanded kingdom
Transformed into an Empire
Supporter of education and culture
776 - 809
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Best loved Abbasid Caliphate
Cultural advancement
794 - 1185
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Japan's Golden Age
Emperor becomes figurehead
Fujiwara Clan mainly rules
Mainly agricultural: equal-field system
Women wrote (Tale of Genji) Boys received formal education
800 CE
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Possibly as a result of civil war, internal divisions, invasions, or natural disaster
800
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By Pope Leo
800 - 1100
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889 - 1454
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Militarily aggressive, expansion of Khmer Empire
Adopted Hinduism and Buddhism
989 CE
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Result of Exposure to Byzantine culture
His subjects converted to Christianity also
Other influences: Cyrillic alphabet, writing, codified laws
Moscow is the world's '3rd Rome'
1000
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Led by Leif Eriksson
1054 CE
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When the Western and Eastern churches of Europe broke away from each other formally.
Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism is formed.
1096 - 1099
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Started when Byzantine Empire asked Christians in Europe for military assistance against Seljuk Turks, who recently captured Jerusalem
Council of Clermont by Pope Urban II called upon the knights to retake the Holy Land
Jerusalem placed after siege, all non-Christians are slaughtered
1185 - 1573
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Power laid in the hands of daimyo, Japanese landlords
Samurai = Knights
Bushido = Chivalry (even stricter)
Women had less opportunities; no respect for women
Military talent valued
Decentralized political power in the hands of warlords
1187 - 1192
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Drives back the 3rd Crusade
Great Middle Eastern General; Kurdish general
1200
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Peak of Chinese subjugation of women
Lower classes were freer than upper classes
Women of all classes still had inheritance and property rights and retained control over their dowry after divorce and widowing
1200 - 1279
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Largest and long lasting empire after Tang breakdown
Threatened by hostile neighbors; worked with Jurchen to destroy
Jurchen turn against Song, making Song give up a lot of territory
Survives until Mongol Conquests
Bureaucracy too large
Military failures b/c of inexperienced bureaucracy
1206 - 1520
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Period when Muslims captured the city of Delhi and had most of Northern India in their hands
Introduction of Islam into India
Muslim women had more property rights than Hindu women
Imposition of Islam was very harsh; religious and racial tensions
1211
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Until Genghis Khan's death in 1227.
1215
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1225 - 1274
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Italian monk who was the father of Scholasticism, which attempted to reconcile reason with faith in God and Christianity
1240 - 1400
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1250 - 1460
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Most powerful and largest Sub-Saharan city-state
Along Niger River basin
Key center for trade in W. and N. Africa
1250
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Super-rich guy who gives out the deposits of gold and mental ore, ruler of Mali
1271 - 1368
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Adopted Buddhism and made Chinese official language
Rich and powerful
Neighbors paid tribute
Rebuilding of China's bureaucracy and economy
Repaired roads and canals, built new cities
1300 - 1520
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Settled on Lake Texcoco, City of Tenochtitlan (Modern Day Mexico City)
Chinampas = agricultural system
Human Sacrifice
Defeat of the Aztecs by the Spanish
1300 - 1536
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Elaborate system of transport and communications
Government led by military elite
Armies made of conquered peoples
Forced people into submission by taking hostages
Capital: Cuzco
Quipus used to keep track of history and data of empire
Women were greatly constrained in rights and freedom; little more than domestic servants
Use of terrace farming
1300
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By sultan Osman I
1300 - 1600
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Age of Rebirth
Classicism: Understanding and admiration for Greco-Roman literature and learning
More secular than Medieval era
Humanism: being human is something to be celebrated
1304 - 1386
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Islamic World's Greatest Explorer
Journey covered more than 75,000 miles
1312 - 1337
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Most powerful Mali ruler
Systematized government
1337 - 1453
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England vs. France
Result of social uprising after the Black Death
End: Awkward relations between England and France
1347 - 1353
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Kills 1/3 of Europe
1368 - 1644
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Recentralized country
Forbidden City was built
Expanded China's borders
Tributary system
Alliances with Vietnam and Korea
Strong army and navy
1400 - 1875
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1400 - 1600
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Trade network that developed in Baltic and North Sea
Encompassed commercial centers of Poland, N. Germany, and Scandinavia
Linked Mediterranean through Rhine and Danube rivers
Frequency of trade led to adoption of credit and banking systems
Commercial partnerships = more trade in Europe
Class structure made social mobility possible
1405 - 1433
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Display of Ming China's naval strength
Forced 50 states and cities to pay tribute
1430
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By Johannes Gutenberg
Block printing had originated in Europe in the first place
1438 - 1918
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1453
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By Sultan Mehmed II (Mehmed the Conqueror)
1453
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Result of the invasions of the Seljuk and Ottoman Turks
1492
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Explorer from Genoa
Wanted to reach Asia through an all-water trade route
Funded by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain
1517
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General attack against church abuses and certain parts of Catholic doctrine
Was excommunicated as a result
Rupture of the Catholic Church
1521
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1545 - 1563
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Catholic Church worked to eliminate the worst of its financially and spiritually corrupt practices
Sponsored creation of impressive art and architecture
Gave birth to Baroque movement
Stiffened religious discipline
Reaffirmed pope authority
Approved Jesuits
1571
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By the Spanish
City of Manila
Connected Spanish colonies with Asian markets
Changes to Pacific: Diseases, missionaries
1618 - 1848
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Spain, Holy Roman Empire and Catholic German states vs. Dutch, Danes, Swedes and Protestant German states
Protestants win in the end
1661 - 1715
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The Sun King of France; Absolute monarch
Highly centralized bureaucracy
1700
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Trade and exchange networks before then worked with hunting and gathering societies
1756 - 1763
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Reflects intense commercial rivalries that developed from European Exploration
Conflicts in the Americas established British hegemony
French and Indian War = Fighting between French and British
By the end, Britain dominates global trade and ultimately establishes a global empire
1789
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