Chapter 25

Three approaches to it:
1.) Radical program of Giuseppe Mazzini. Universal Male suffrage, democratic government.
2.) Vincenzo Gioberti's plan. Federation of States
3.) Autocratic kingdom

Marx would be the founder of Marxism, eventually being socialism and communism.

The constitution called for a fair degree of civil liberties and real parliamentary government, with elected deputies.

Applied Mill's idea of an Utilitarianism to society and state. Mill writes to establish standards for the relationship between authority and liberty.

The Industrialization of Russia was what caused Russia to get back into the economic game in Europe, and caused competition to rise. They left agriculture and leaned more to factories. The Russian economy would grow.

Assembly was granted greater powers and the opposition got more freedom, which they used to their advantage.

The serfdom in Russia was abolished, and the serfs were freed. This established a new sort of freedom in Russia, and was a huge step towards the modernization of Russia.

Danish King attempted to claim Schleswig-Holstein as Denmark territory, and Prussia joined Austria to fight back. The Austrians and Prussians won, and further conflicts between them led to the Austro-Prussian war.

Napoleon's opposition, which was mostly Republican, consisted of 45% of the votes for the election.