IB History Timeline

Viet Minh grew resistive, Diem threw them all in jail.

The Communist Party of North Vietnam bestowed blessing on National Liberation Front that was created by the VC.

Professor Staley of Stanford talked with Diem and created the hamlet program. According to Ambrose, the hamlet program’s main goal was to “bring the peasants together which would make it easier to protect them from the VC and prevent the VC from recruiting, raising taxes, or hiding in the villages among them” (195). It was a failure and eventually turned into a sort of concentration camp.

According to Ambrose, it increased US intervention and switched ARVN's attack method to one of more offensive.

Buddhist uprisings against Diem were a huge embarrassment, according to Ambrose.

ARVN, with help from the CIA, overthrew and killed Diem and his brother in order to replace the government with one that was more honest and fair.

Kennedy killed three weeks after the death of Diem. Johnson took presidency.

American destroyers attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats in the Gulf of Tonkin. Some believe that it was just an excuse for Johnson to seem more tough for his critics, according to Ambrose.

Johnson received a blank check to expand war.

Late 1964. Air force was the answer for Johnson in Vietnam. He would practice "ouch warfare" in order to make Ho Chi Minh realize that the gain was not worth the cost. Johnson bombed the shit out of North Vietnam.

A2A "first major escalation had started"

A2A

There was no "yes or no" choice for the Vietnam War during the election for the doves. Nixon was the least aggressive. He began Vietnamization to lower US casualties.

VC offense on holiday of Tet. Failure for U.S.

He left cabinet because Johnson refused to stop bombing.

Johnson stops bombing North Vietnam, except for the area north of the demilitarized zone, then he withdrew from the presidential race.

in order to scare North Vietnam

Troops reduced by 60,000.

Between Kissinger and Le Duc Tho over Vietnam

Nixon ignores it. Congress also restricted US troops in Laos and Cambodia, as well as no more $ to widen war.

By 1970, there had been more bombs on tiny Vietnam than in the history of ever.

Four students shot at protest at Kent State.

through a bill

In 1972, the United States bombed Hanoi. It was unsuccessful and led to the loss of at least fifteen B-25s and eleven fighter-bombers. Nevertheless, according to Ambrose, Nixon publicly stated that it was to force the release for the American POWs.

A2A Hanoi is most bombed city in history

All active US participation in Vietnam ends.

collapse of Thieu regime. South Vietnam government, or what remained of it, surrenders. Renamed Ho Chi Minh City, last Americans leave.

Required president to give accounting of action within 30 days of committing troops to a foreign war.

The project to create the atom bomb. According to Ambrose, Albert Einstein was the main contributor to the Manhattan Project.

The atomic bombings of the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan were conducted by the United States during the final stages of World War II in 1945. The two events are the only use of nuclear weapons in war to date.

The president of the United States during the Cold War. According to Ambrose, he established the policy of containment rather than destruction. He shifted American foreign policy from noninvolvement to “presence on every continent of the world” (126).

The National Security Act of 1947 was an Act of Congress signed by President Truman on 26 July 1947, which realigned and reorganized the U.S. Armed Forces, foreign policy, and Intelligence Community apparatus in the aftermath of World War II.
The Act merged the Department of War and the Department of the Navy into the National Military Establishment, headed by the Secretary of Defense. It was also responsible for the creation of a Department of the Air Force which made the Army Air Forces into its own service.
CIA
NSC
Airforce

President Truman’s doctrine that worked to defend independent countries through the use of military aid. According Kissinger, it was a “watershed” because it led to the solution being a change in Soviet system or a collapse of the system entirely. (Greece and Turkey)

According to Kissinger, it is the “bible of containment”. This article was published by Kennan, even though at first it was anonymously signed. It “rose the Soviet challenge to the level of philosophy and history” (454). It explained the strategy of containment to defect the Soviets.
Author of the article “X”, “The Sources of Soviet Conduct”, “The Long Telegram” and head of the Policy Planning Staff who coined the policy of containment. According to Kissinger, he “raised the Soviet challenge to the level of philosophy of history” (454) by explaining that the problems with the Soviet Union were within itself.

The deployment of American fliers to take supplies to an entire city during the Berlin blockade. According to Ambrose, it “caught the imagination of the world” (99).

The Berlin blockade was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War. During the multinational occupation of post–World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Allied control. Their aim was to force the western powers to allow the Soviet zone to start supplying Berlin with food, fuel, and aid, thereby giving the Soviets practical control over the entire city.

Created by Secretary Marshall to, in his words, “avoid political disturbances” by supplying political and economical aid. His plan was open to all countries, even those within the Soviet sphere of influence. Similar to the Truman doctrine, except not for military aid.

The U.S was the first to recognize Israel, however Israel turned to the Soviet’s instead when the Arabs invaded. According to Ambrose, the creation of Israel was the result of “Russian military support and American negotiating skills” (101).

Truman used an executive order to end military segregation. Executive Order 9981, signed on July 26, 1948, forbade discriminating against military personnel because of race, color, religion, or national origin.

The Fair Deal was the term given to an ambitious set of proposals put forward by United States President Harry S. Truman to the United States Congress in his January 1949 State of the Union address. The term, however, has also been used to describe the domestic reform agenda of the Truman Administration, which governed the United States from 1945 to 1953. In September 1945, Truman addressed Congress and presented a 21 point program of domestic legislation outlining a series of proposed actions in the fields of economic development and social welfare.

The North Atlantic Treaty that was created after the Czech coup. According to Kissinger, it was not designed to defend the status quo in Europe, but to defend moral universality. According to Kissinger, the United States “would do anything for the Atlantic Alliance except call it an alliance” (460).

Joseph McCarthy was the junior Senator from Wisconsin who believed the reason East Europe and China fell to Communism was because there were Communists within the United States government. According to Ambrose, McCarthyism swept the nation and the feeling that “American had been betrayed” (108).

defeats Adlai Stevenson who claimed there was a bombing gap and we were losing the arms race. 3 foreign concerns: Korea, China and Communism.

According to the Geneva Agreements, South Vietnam was not a state, but a territory of France. However, the U.S redefined the Geneva Agreements by splitting the North and the South at the 17th parallel.

Force authorized

The proposal by Eisenhower for aerial reconnaissance between the Soviet Union and the United States. According to Kissinger, it would have told the Soviet nothing they already knew awhile “unveiling the enigma of the Soviet empire” to the U.S (Kissinger 516).

On Oct. 23, 1956, Hungarian student revolted and demanded that Stalin’s puppets be replaced with Imre Nagy. After Stalin agreed to give power to Nagy, the Hungarians wanted more. The Russians therefore captured and killed Nagy, which according to Ambrose made the point that other Eastern European countries would have “to make the best deal they could with the Soviets (Ambrose 157).

During this conference, Khrushchev spoke out insulting Stalin, which according to Kissinger, hurt the global view of communism and relations with Mao, who just praised his work. This conference is known for Khrushchev’s “secret speech” which denounced the dictatorship of Stalin.

The Egyptian project that was designed to harness the power of the lower Nile. According to Ambrose, Dulles offered Nasser aid with the production of the dam, but withdrew when Nasser recognized the People’s Republic of China. This eventually led to the Suez Canal Crisis.
Nasser: The Egyptian leader who, according to Kissinger, enjoyed “playing the superpowers of against each other”. He first negotiated an arms deal with the Czechs and then accepted aid for the Aswan Dam production and then recognized Communist China and then decided to seize the Suez Canal as a response. In the end, “Nasser praised the Russians” (Ambrose 157) instead of the U.S for the construction of the dam.

According to Kissinger, “the Suez Crisis had destroyed the Great Power status of both Great Britain and France. In the twentieth century, the Suez Canal had become the principal artery for the supply of oil to Western Europe”.

The doctrine came into effect on July 15th 1958 when Eisenhower sent Marines into Lebanon to support President Camille Chamoun in the Middle East. According to Ambrose, Eisenhower used the doctrine as an excuse to send troops, but he still attempted to tie it to the Truman Doctrine and the problems that aroused in Greece.

USSR winning the space race???

Nixon VP walks through kitchen comparing it to US kitchen and how it is better and stuff.

According to Kissinger, Eisenhower met with Khrushchev to discuss the Cold war and Berlin on September 1959. Eisenhower told him that he had intention of staying in Berlin forever. Kissinger stated that the “principal result of Camp David was another delay”. However, the hope for peace was crushed when the U-2 spy planes were shot down by the Russians.

According to Kissinger, during the Berlin Crisis of 1961, Khrushchev stated, “If no agreement was reached within six months, the Soviet Union would sign a peace treaty with East Germany and turn over its occupation rights and access routes to the German Democratic Republic.” This would force the United States to recognize East Germany and withdraw from the country. However, according to Adenauer, there was no real benefit from the ultimatum.

According to Wikipedia, This doctrine was used in the invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 and ended Prague Spring and other Soviet military interventions. The purpose of this doctrine was to put an end to democratic liberalization efforts and uprisings.

In Czechoslovakia, led by Alexander Dubcek who promoted a socialist democratic revolution. On the morning of August 21 1968, half a million Soviet troops and other Eastern troops moved through Czechoslovakia and attacked the streets of Prague, captured Dubcek and other leaders and sent them to Moscow. To the amazement of everyone, Castro spoke in favor of the Soviet actions.
According to White, “it was the most far-reaching attempt within this time period to establish a different model of communist rule in Czechoslovakia” (31). Furthermore, Czechoslovakia was one of the multinational communist states, and the pressure for a looser relationship between the Czech lands and other parts of the country was one of the most important forces that contributed to Prague Spring (32).

The immediate source of the crisis that gave rise to Solidarity was once again an increase in the price of mean in the summer of 1980 according to White. Work stopped across the country and an occupation strike occurred in the Lenin Shipyard in Ggansk.Lech Walesa emerged to lead the opposition, originally an electrician, became chairman of an inter-enterprise strike committee. They agreed to establish a "new self governing trade union that would genuinely represent the working class", the medie would show many viewpoints, and there would be a general wage increase.

it called on Polish comrades to "reverse the course of developments" A2W

Solidarity was suspended and then surpressed. Purged of members including Walesa.

Andropov takes power in the USSR

U.S does nothing, but withdraws from Lebanon.

Andropov died.

The talks collapsed at the last minute, but the progress that had been achieved eventually resulted in the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union.

a non-violent revolution in Czechoslovakia that took place from November 17 to December 29, 1989. Dominated by student and other popular demonstrations against the single-party government of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, it saw to the collapse of the party's control of the country, and the subsequent conversion to a parliamentary republic.
The first time Czechoslovakia had arranged election which took place in 1990. The Civic Forum took about half the vote in the Czech lands and Public against Violence about a third in Slovakia. “This quick but civilized change of regime became known as the ‘velvet revolution’” (60).

A small motor yacht purchased by Castro from an American living in Tuxpan. The boat carried his guerilla fighters and ran on an offshore reef on the morning of December 2nd 1956. According to Gott, this was the most disastrous landing, even though it would eventually be celebrated as the most epic.

Castro ousted Batista on 1 January 1959, replacing his regime with Castro's revolutionary government.

According to Gott, it was yet another invasion on the coast of Cuba by the CIA. The landings were unprotected by US airpower and completely unsuccesfull. In fact, it stated the fact that “Cuba was now irrevocably independent” (190) and that the U.S could not be trusted.