Exam Three

Germanic forms Early Roman Christian influence
o Basillica rectangle
o Not many buildings to go up
o Roman element and local forms of Christianity
o Mainstream orthodoxy accepted
• Visigothic ritual unique to this gothic area
• This church is spreading
• Relation of Christ to humanity, trilogy
• When the bells are rung is different

http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT3S4fp_fV-a2-pmJc1DgnF0FdlBVHpQAstMeUKJ9LWITe8rIn9

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•
o Interplay of background and foreground, repeated, constructs a cross
o Visually stimulating to look at and to work on
o Peripatetic means—hard to tell which part is more important—Germanic sensibility, though something new emerges: spiral: Celtic decorative techniques, Germanic sensibility, reach high point in the Book of Kells

o Greek letters for Christos
o Text in Latin
o Trumpet shape (Celtic sensibility)
o Playing with the line, line constantly shifting
• Germanic holds the same line, Celtic has energetic shifting, sensibility decorated the Quran=abstract art, through sheer visual interest, text as art
o Books were made to preach the new testament, the gospel monasteries, found themselves in hostile rulership as they moved over to the British isles, Germanic kingdoms needed to purchase
o Book of kells=enormous=not intended to be used regularly, appropriate gifts for the kings, who then deposited them=they have a function.

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o One of the first buildings belief during Charlemagne’s rulership
o Communication with other places
• Communication w/larger world, he’s been places
o Modeled after San Vitale
• Longitudinal design forced into circular design (different from San Vitale) association w/Justinian [still Roman Empire even though we refer to it as Byzantine] representation of Christian Rome, suitable for a model
• But Charlemagne is president of the Church. Charlemagne warned his son of mistake in his rulership…he made a trip to Rome, he controlled date to celebrate. Normal to stop in Ravenna, wanted to celebrate Christmas mass, Eucharistic feast. As he attends the service, something important happens. Byzantine is head of the state and head of the church (nothing like that in the west). The pope comes up behind Charlemagne and crowns him. The pope has power over Charlemagne. He accepts, church reflects this: power meaning secular and religious… the west keeps church and state separate, dominates medieval history who really has power? Pope or rulers?
o Arches recall Roman Heritage but it is the two colors that is of interest: has a predecessor
• The great mosque in Cronwa
• Raised on arcades
• Black and white follows the pattern, suggests the nature of Islamic world in Spain
o Something that happens when Charlemagne is crowned influences how he expands the empire, conquers saxton world→they are still Pagans, die as Pagans or baptized, promote the church by the building of monasteries or at least reclaiming the ones that had already existed.

http://employees.oneonta.edu/farberas/arth/images/109images/carolingian/aachen_palchap_int.jpg

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o Diagonal line
o Foreground, middle ground, background highlighting is rendered, he sits in that space
o Rational sensibility denies Germanic sensibility
• But Germanic style is not going to leave

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Hxxwvkz6fsk/TgPrpLBE6TI/AAAAAAAAAtg/_eJBGiWFs_U/s1600/St+Matthew+2.jpg

o Linear agitation, no justification
o Classicizing form but working in different way
o Charlemagne was German→he could revive Roman forms but remember who he was

http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/1495/flashcards/784625/png/ebbo-gospel-st.-matthew.png

• To be sent to someone who was in process of building a new one
• Building monasteries is a way to establish orthodoxy
• Promoted in specific architectural forms
o Highly organized, very structured
• Hieratically arranged group of buildings
• Stone=roman heritage
• Large enough to serve to monks and cloister, where they will live and spend their time
• Sealed world
o Only one way into the church, have to enter church to get to cloister
• East-west axis, east=altar, west=entrance
• Interface of the world at large
• Church has a pronounced cross shape
o Remember st. peters
• Not intentionally a cross shape, no one warned Charlemagne’s architect
• Saw st. peters, saw the cross shape they assumed it was intentional, bring it back and influence vs standard apse end from the nave
o Raids by the Norsemen
• Constantly attacked monasteries, towers allowed protection for monks, secondary buildings were Germanic wood, would be burned
o Monastic Church
• Monks ordained in the church=they are priest
• highly disciplined, organized plan
• revival of forms

http://167.206.67.164/resources/humanities/review/ArtHistory/Gardner%20Art%20History%20Chapters%20Study%20Guide/..%5CG16.c.Earlymedieval/plan%20of%20saint%20gall.jpg

Elevation not artificial, not hieratic
Maintaining control of a horse is casual way
Not since roman period 2C CE
7000 years of no ruler on horseback
Roman Christian empire emperor, perfect prototype (not necessarily known it was Marcus Aurelias)

http://s4.hubimg.com/u/360995_f260.jpg

Germanic influnce, gemstones,
Framed center image of the cross & figure of jesus
Attempt to render the event
Jesus who died in the event and the angels
Strong interest in linear movement
Responding to the even
Jesus himself is not dead, doesn’t seem concerned, is he even hanging?
=Jesus triumphant, works in Germanic sensibility
we can talk about the concept of crucifixion but it is really a celebration of Jesus
made for elite people, you would never have seen this
This is the jesus who knew he would be resurrected.

http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/169/flashcards/823169/jpg/278598r1355862504235.jpg

o Entranceway gets large enormous façade
o Churches in stone=Roman sensibility
• People live in Germanic wood houses
o Three primary doors
• Trinity
o Westwork become standard for churches

http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSRUjaVN1dYdLAP3DHqeQzy142BgmT5Cui8wIkSqQMxNXWPJ93wxA

o Artist translating into stone, some of the same desings in the scriptures
o Narrative scenes from the gospel
o Figure of Christ after the resurrection
o Gentile community of Christian believers
o First phase of northern
• Something new, a different…

o Hieratic
• Nave is less important than the apse
o Windows arranged so it is related to arcade as well as the gallery space above the aisles, creates a three-part unit
o Storage space? Music?
• No symbolic-ness
• No iconography
• Visual interest
• Architectural interest?

http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/510/flashcards/1411510/jpg/picture911336603033264.jpg

Archbishop decides that he needs a crucifix
Idea of Christ on a cross is rare
Cross as used by early Christians, just the cross, identity of faith, but no image of Christ on the Cross—Christ only appears very rarely.
Idea of worshiping a god who was crucified was hard to sell
Concept of death and resurrection, worked with abstractly, when you start depicting it, problems arise.
Life-size
Wood
Jesus hangs on the cross is not jesus triumphant
Death through suffocation-painful
Head dropped completely
Dead Christ
Zigzag at the knees=death
New image→shifted…what are we stressing? Why?
We are intended to respond to this=public, life-size
What did Jesus know at this moment? Did he know he would be resurrected? This version of Jesus feel the anguish of what it was to be human? Not to lose faith, but to know human distress. This is the jesus who knows what it is to have to live and face death. This becomes the profound image of Jesus. No longer rich imagery, it is humble human materials and forms.

http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/bevans/Art101/Art101B-7-EarlyMedieval/WebPage-ImageF.00063.jpeg

• Purple=like Justinian
• Clergy=just like Justinian
• Against green cloth of honor
o Eye concentrates on him, draws form Justinian
• But Justinian is Roman heritage
• Otto is Germanic heritage
• Ottos crown has much detail,
• Treatment of figures, some attempt to render them as 3-d

o West end is different
o Pronounced crossing=transcept, which crosses the nave
• Iconographic meaning
• Crossing determines square space
• Tower tells us where it is
• Exterior marks the interior
• AAaaAAaaAAaaAA
• Square unit is a by
• Eye picks up the rhythm to the point where the crossing occurs
• Intellectual advantage, regular order of interior structure, modular system

http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR-iWar6ZBR7fuCHCGP04nDNamQCqcvOhhqLMM6d3vklZpuWQT1Uw

http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTNLXTdVe3WuA_Ef4vKt_tI8CfPWp3SL3IuoRxVNLtPMcl2L82zRQ

o Monumental bronze casting
o Sheer volume of casting is so great
o Narratives stories
• Artist=can’t cast a single sheet, but can cast 3-d figures separately
o The doors match
o Series of small panels, minimum of figures
o Economy of information
o Selection of scene not accidental
• Judging of Adam and eve by god
• True justice vs justice w/o meaning
• Doors pay opposite of one another
• First great medieval
• Heritage of byzantine is still here
• Germanic interest of movement of line

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Bernwardstür.jpg/220px-Bernwardstür.jpg

o Balance, the eye is more interested in the constant changing figure of the line
o There was a tradition of art (Germanic) which developed on its own

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