King of Piedmont
A liberal minded nobleman, he pursued a policy of economic expansion. He was appointed by King Victor Emmanuel.
Napoleon agreed to ally with Piedmont in driving the Austrians out of Italy.Once the Austrians where driven out, Italy would be reorganized. Napoleon recognized this as an opportunity to control Italy, but backed out of the agreement in 1859.
Cavour provoked the Austrians into invading Piedmont in April. The Austrians were defeated mainly by the French in two major battles at Magenta and Solferino. Napoleon made peace with Austria, and Piedmont only received Lombardy.
Garibaldi with his army of red shirts landed in Sicily where a revolt against the King of the Two Sicilies had occurred. He was victories and Sicily had been pacified under his control.
Northern Italian States had been taken over by Nationalists, so in Plebiscites, they allied with Piedmont.
On March 1861, the new kingdom of Italy was proclaimed under a centralized government subordinated to the control of Piedmont and King Victor Emmanuel.
Prussia defeated Austria and left Venetia to Italy.
It was caused by the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian war. French troops withdrew from Rome. It became the capital of the new united state.
He believed that the army was in dire need of change if {Prussia was to remain a great power. He implemented three tears compulsory military service.
Bismark was a junker, politician, and opportunist who waged war when he was sure all advantages were on his side. He was a practiinor of real politick. he governed Prussia by ignoring Parliament.
Fought over the duchies of Scheleswig and Holstein. Denmark planned to incorporate the duchies into their territory, but Bismark persuaded the Austrians to join Prussia in declaring war against Denmark. Denmark was soon defeated, and the duchies were divided among Austria and Prussia.
Austria and Prussia went to war against the duchies. Bismark isolated Austria by making Russia and France remain neutral. He made an alliance with Italy by promising Venetia.
Here the Austrian army was defeated, but Bismark was very lenient on the consequences. he did not create a harsh punishment, wanting to avoid harsh feelings.
At this battle, the entire French army and Napoleon were captured resulting in the collapse of the second French Empire.
Prussia now dominated all of Northern Germany. Bismark realized France would not happy with a strong German power to its east. The French were looking for opportunities to humiliate the Prussians. Using the enthronement of a distant relative to the Prussian King in Spain, France requested a King in Spain be dethroned and that Prussia agree that Leopold never been a candidate to be King again. Bismark edited the request so it appeared more insulting, prompting the French to declare war.
After four months of resistance, Paris fell and an official treaty was signed in May. The French had to pay 5 billion francs and give up Alsace and Lorraine to the new German State.
In the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles, William I was proclaimed the emperor of the second German Empire.
In the elections for the presidency held in December 1848, 4 republicans who had been associated with the early months of the Second Republic were resoundingly defeated by Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte. Within 4 years, president Napoleon would become Emperor Napoleon.
The French coup d'etat on 2 December 1851, staged by Prince Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte (at the time President of the French Second Republic), ended in the successful dissolution of the French National Assembly, as well as the subsequent re-establishment of the French Empire the next year. Louis-Napoleon, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, reclaimed his uncle's throne as Emperor of the French (taking the name Napoleon III) and reestablished universal suffrage (previously abolished by the Assembly).
The government of Napoleon III was clearly authoritarian in a Bonapartist scene. As chief of state, Napoleon III controlled the armed forces, police, and civil service.
Second Empire was period in France under the rule of Emperor Napoleon III . In its early years, the empire was authoritarian but enjoyed economic growth and pursued a favorable foreign policy.
1852 to 1870 was the in which Napoleon III ruled the Second Empire. He gave his country two decades of prosperity under a stable, authoritarian government but finally led it to defeat in the Franco-German War.
Napoleon III's participation in the Crimean War had been rewarding. As heir to the Napoleonic Empire, Napoleon III was motivated by the desire to free France from the restrictions of the peace settlements on 1814-1815 and to make France the chief arbiter of Europe. In the decline of the Ottoman Empire, he saw an opportunity to take steps towards these goals.
Focused on a serious overhaul of the Russian system. He instituted a series of reforms including the emancipation of serfs.
The Treaty of Paris of 1856 settled the Crimean War between Russia and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, the British Empire, Second French Empire, and the Kingdom of Sardinia. The treaty, signed on March 30, 1856 at the Congress of Paris, made the Black Sea neutral territory, closing it to all warships, and prohibiting fortifications and the presence of armaments on its shores. The treaty marked a severe setback to Russian influence in the region.
The imperial parliament, also known as the Reichsrat, had a nominated upper house and an elected lower house of representatives. Although the system was supposed to provide representation for the nationalities of the empire, the complicated formula used for elections ensured for the election of a German-speaking majority.
Having lost much popularity, the emperor inaugurated a more liberal domestic policy, widening the powers of the legislative assembly and lifting many restrictions on civil liberties. A commercial treaty (1860) with Great Britain opened France to free trade and improved Franco-British relations. Imperialistic expansion was pushed by the French-British expedition (1857–60) against China, the acquisition of Cochin China, and the construction of the Suez Canal. Less fortunate was Napoleon's intervention (1861–67) in the affairs of Mexico; the French troops finally withdrew upon the demand of the United States, leaving Emperor Maximilian to his fate.
Peasants could now earn property, marry as they chose, and bring suits in the law courts.
Alexander II instituted a system of zemstvos, or local assemblies, that provided a moderate degree of self-government. Representatives to the zemstvos were to be elected from the noble landowners, townspeople, and peasants. Zemstvos were given a limited power to provide public services, such as education, famine relief, and road and bridge maintenance. They could levy taxes to pay for these services. Other legal reforms included the creation of a regular system of local and provincial courts and a judicial code that accepted the principle of equality before the law.
Also known as the Compromise of 1867. It created a Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Each part of the empire had a constitution, its own bicameral legislature, its own governmental machinery for domestic affairs, and its own capital. Holding the two states together was a single monarchy, a common army, foreign policy, and system of finances.
