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Age of progress and prosperity:
- religious tolerion (Anglicanism = middle way btw Catholicism and... Show More
Age of progress and prosperity:
- religious tolerion (Anglicanism = middle way btw Catholicism and Protestantism)
- relative social contentment although absolute monarchy (laws to help the poor and attempts to suppress vagrancy)
- intellectual and artistic progress (climax of lyrical poetry)
- national pride with the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 + colonial expeditions to the "New World" with Francis Drake + popular entertainment
in the field of literature, after borrowing things from abroad, the English adapted them to their own tastes and literary traditions (were still medieval while the Renaissance was first felt in the Continent)
PROSE entered the field of literature properly, since it was now used for works of fiction. Show Less
1558 - 1603
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1588
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The Spanish Armada was the great flee sent by Philip II of Spain against England in 1588: defeated in the Channel by the English fleets and almost comlpetely destroyed by storms off the Hebrides.
1603 - 1625
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The most significant translation endeavours were devoted to the text of the Bilble. Their approach was characterized by great attention to the form and an attemps to create real poetry.
translation from the classics (North/Plutarch, Chapman/Homer) and from the Italian (Harrington/Ariosto, Sydney/Petrarch) provided plot materials for English writers and a favourable influence on the language (more than translations: adapted to the taste of the time)
1488 - 1569
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Took over and completed Tyndale's work
1494 - 1536
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Oxford scholar, received into the Church before Henry VII's break with Rome.
He proposed to emulate Luther and write a translation of the Holy Scriptures into the vernacular from the Hebrew and Greek original texts. The King turned his offer and he went into exile.
Published his version of the New Testament in 1526 (SUCCESS).
His translation of the Old Testament was interrupted by his beheading in 1536.
1535
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the King eventually patronized it
1554 - 1586
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most remarkable translation of the Psalms of David. Died after the 43th psalm and his sister Mary took the work over and masterfully finished the task.
1560
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Collective work of the Puritan exiled in Geneva.
1561 - 1621
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Finished the translation of the Psalms that her brother had begun.
Also translated Petrarch's 'Trionfi'
1568
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official translation of the Church of England
meant to counter the Calvinist leaning in the Geneva Bible
1579
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1598 - 1616
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1599
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SONNET: Imported from Italy by Wyatt and Surrey, became a conventional and regulated form under Elizabeth. Theme: courtly love, often addressed to the Queen (social function: not meant to be published but considered the true accomplishment of the courtier or anyone who had anything to ask from the Queen; sometimes means of criticism) Also a way of proving the poet's skill : appreciated for their inventiveness, not for their sincerity. The function of the lady was to serve as a symbol of what was unattainable -> weapon = reminder of mortality. SONG: different from the medieval ones in their pleasant youthful and romantic feelings (med: more realistic) and their sweet diction and musicality (med: less sophisticated in language) => PASTORAL THEME
1542 - 1577
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1545 - 1626
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1552 - 1599
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1554 - 1586
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like Shakespeare, he used the conventionalized form of the sonnet creatively and vividly, with a sense of 'genuine' experience
1562 - 1619
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1563 - 1631
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1567 - 1578
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(period of flourish)
educated but lower middle-class woman writer who mostly used popular forms and sources.
1567 - 1620
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1572 - 1631
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reacted against the conventional use of language, against the meaningless but decorative images and against the oversweet melody used by minor Elizabethan poets
1573
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(including the poem "Will and Testament")
1592
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The only true weapon the lover possesses against the unattainable but highly desirable lady is the reminder of mortality. under THE DISGUISE OF ADDRESSING TIME.
1559
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series of stories on verse concerning the misfortunes of great figures in English history. The didactic aspect of history is used through examples: it reinterprets the medieval concept of mankind's unpredictable fate in order to show the political and ethical background of the fall of some kings, that is, the moral causes of their fall.
It was written by several authors but initiated by THOMAS SACKVILLE
1562 - 1619
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moralist and historian
poetry of reflection
Patriotism wqas his main interest but he also wrote lyrics and sonnets (To Delia)
1563 - 1631
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main interest in narrative verse, although wrote sonnets and lyrics as well.
1581
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pastoral romance taking place in Greece
1595
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treats the stormy period ranging from Richard II to Henry VI (1377-1471)
1603
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1613
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celebrates England, 'the Isle of many blessings', conducting the reader through all the counties of England (detailed descriptions+local legends)
Now used in works of fiction and for the sake of entertainment. Different genres: the romance (John LYLY, Robert Greene: idealised view of life for educated public, originally translation from Fr and It novelas (William Painter's "The Palace of Pleasure"), which raised the status and quality of English prose ;
the realistic prose tale ;
treatises on rhetoric ; pamphlets (Martin Marprelate) ; guidebooks (John STOW's "A Survey of London written in the year 1598")
1543 - 1600
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realistic tales in the manner of Robert Greene: work of Craftsmen ("Jack of Newbury" (1597) weavers; "Gentle Craft" (1598) shoemakers)
1554 - 1606
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he innovated a new kind of prose style in his aim to refine English prose: EUPHEUISM = (over)decoration of style by imagesn comparisons, parallels, characterised by long symmetrical sentences in an almost machine-like/mechanical arrangement. Thus, the reader forgets about the thoughts behind the words.
1558 - 1625
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imitated Greene's romances:
"Rosalynd" (1590) was used and transformed by Shakespeare in "As You Like It"
1560 - 1592
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also wrote euphuistic romances because they were fashionable in in demand, and improved on Lyly: plot more complex, love interest increased, narrative more vivid and rapid. but they were iften written in a spirit of parody and he got tired of euphueistic unrealities
=> second phase of his carreer: REALISTIC PROSE TALES
describes the low life of Elizabethan London with social realism ("Conversion of an English Courtesan" = short novella in the first person)
many imitators: Lodge, Dekker, Nashe, Deloney (all Thomas :) )
1567 - 1601
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"The Unfortunate Traveller": chronicle of adventures in France, Germany and Italy
1570 - 1632
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also a dramatist. imitated Greene's realistic tales but put his realism in romantic setting
1578
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Euphues goes to Italy where he becomes morally corrupt and breaches his loyalty to a friend; realises it when he falls a victim of the corruption that surrounds him. End: moral and religious dissertations.
Book filled with lessons in wisdom and attacks on the irreligion and immorality of a Catholic country.
1580
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Full of flattering insincerities about the country, its Queen, its universities, its ladies. Discussions on refined manners and sophisticated sentiments.
Successful: idealised view of the aristocracy, just as they want to be seen => Lyly's aim: prevent them from going to the (corrupted) continent.
1588 - 1590
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pen-aname for (group of) author(s): pamphlets written form a non-Anglican standpoint and denying the validity of bishops (replies by Lyly, Green, Nashe...)
1598
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guidebook with historical and personal comments
1612
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reaction against puritan pamphlets against drama
the Queen patronized the theatre and attended performannces at the Inns of Court, and in the new private houses such as the globe. +Theatrical troops, first theatre 1576 (outside the city)
1590s: well established by stilla nuisance to the authorities. => companies attached to a house of a lord. But also commercial theatres->possible to be economically independent. women's parts played by boys. (!) not seen as part of literature.
new dramatic forms after 16th century shift from religious to moral values (interludes): distinction between comedies (Terence, Plautus) and tragedies (Seneca)
Imitations of Latin comedy writers (Terence, Plautus) and Renaissance Italian dramatists, who sometimes found themselves sources in Latin originals.
1505 - 1556
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1551
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called the first English comedy; adaptation of Plautus's Miles Gloriosus. foolish and boastful soldier encouraged by mischievous associate to make love to a respectale woman betrothed by a merchant. farcical humour (//interlude) + humanistic learning (latin model + 5acts structure)
1566 - 1575
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first acted in 1566, printed in 1575
verse comedy of uncertain authorship
old village woman loses her needle, upsets the whole village until she finds it in the trousers of her farm servant.
pure English country comedy (REALISM) + Latin plot construction (5acts)
1584
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rivalry btw Alexander the Great and a painter for the love of a Theban Captive. He renounces his love: the girl loves the painter.
less farcical, more refined and sophosticated: deeds of ternderness and magnanimity => more idealistic or "romantic"
1591
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romantic love affair between the moon and a mortal
eupuistic style but delicacy of tone and sentiment
1592
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double plot:
Bacon's manufacturing, with the help of the devil, of a brass head endowed with the power of speech
pastoral love story about the rival loves of 2 aristocrats for a village maid.
idyllic atmosphere where evil is easily dispelled
farcical elements (Latin) + comic devices from the interlude + element of allegory (med morality play) => new flavour, characterised by gentle and dream-like romanticism ≠ crude realism
Main model: Seneca ; several kinds of tragedies: classical tragedies, tragedy of revenge (Kyd), English chronicles/history plays (GEORGE PEELE's "Edward I"), domestic tragedies ("Arden of Feversham") CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE AND WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
1562
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plot derived from the anient history o Britain, as related in "Historia Regum Britanniae". warning to the Queen against the dangers of seidition and divided sovereignty; Lots o murders not shown on staoe (//Seneca). 5 acts + Aristotle's rule of the three unities.
for restricted and educated audience
1564 - 1593
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Man of the Renaissance who can use blank verse; glorifies life on earth and man's free, daring and arrogant mind
heroes: supermen to whom the oetty rules of ordinary morality do not seem to apply.
1564 - 1616
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1586
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he gives the public the thrills they hunger for
// Seneca: ghost, revenge, stage declamations/soliloquies
+ new factors: no subject from classic mythology or lengendary british history => play of modern love and war ; many spicy sub-plots (sensational incidents) ; 8 murders and suicides on stage ; play within a play >< unity of action
==> TRAGEDY OF REVENGE/blood => opens the way for a non-classical tragedy
1587
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blank verse
ambition, lust of power, glory of conquest
no enemy overcomes Tamburlaine except death; challenges divine rule because ecstasy of glory is what really matters
subject: 14th-century central Asian sheperd Timur who rose by his conquests and pipyless energy
Tamburlaine's barbarity is a proof of the potentialities of the human mind. falls passionately in love with his bride, Zenocrate
2nd part: cannot triumph death (his wife's + his own)
blank verse: words rather plain but strong rhythm // unflagging purposefulness (<3 hyperbole: charging the language with feeling until intensity which exceeds the literal meaning of the words)
1589
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Grand Senior of Turkey demands tribute of Malta -> govenor thinks Jews must pay -> Barabas (rich Jew) refuses -> money and house taken from him -> becomes violent -> poisons daughter Abigail + causes lover to die
Malta besieged -> betrays it to the Turks -> reward: made governor -> decides to kill all the Turkish officers but betrays himself and dies
1592
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sells his soul to the devil (Mephistopheles) to gain unlimited pwer and universal knowledge (+ good and bad angels) // Morality play
thirst for knowledge // Renaissance + conflict and psychology presented convincingly and with moving insight.
chooses to be damned
tragic situation: self-destruction as a result of the corruption/misuse of their own virtues //Shakespeare
1593
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sebtimental weakling betrayed and led to his death by the forces of ambition and cruelty (theme derived from English history but raised from formlessness of the old chronicle plays)