The World and Europe I Final

Led by Venetians led in the conquest of Constantinople.

Began when the commune invited a solider from a family named Visconti to come in and keep the peace. He stayed on as prince and established a dynasty that reigned Milan.

In Naples, held under his patronage were Giotto and Boccaccio and even was a friend of learning and virtue.

Florence's population declined 40% b/c of the plague

(1365 - ca. 1430)

Important

Florentines invited Greek scholar from Byzantium to lecture at the University of Florence

German Silversmith who produced the first printed bible

Guided studies at Cosimo's School (Platonic Academy). He was a Neapolitan scholar and translated words of Plato.

Cosimo de Medici took control of the Florence oligarchy and exiled his rivals. He concentrated power in his household while ostensibly keeping a republican form of government.

He worked to centralize his administration, but was unable to fully subdue his barons, and Naples remained a feudal kingdom. He was a passionate devotee of Italian culture and served as a patron of the Renaissance.

He reunited the crowns of Naples and Sicily.

With the death of the prince w/o an heir and opened a new power struggle.

The family kept the city-state's proud military tradition, yet also served as patrons of the arts to enhance their own personal reputations. They continued to rule until the early 16th century, though always under pressure of growing republican aspirations.

He was a courageous, yet uncompromising, man who had resented the rule of the Medici and accused the clergy of corruption from the papacy on down. He argued vigorously against the lust for money that motivated citizens. He despised humanism, which he believed poisoned everything from art to religion by putting humans in the spotlight.

Made Johannes Gutenberg

Wrote the Oration on the Dignity of Man; People determine their own destiny.

His reign dates. He is Cosimo's grandson.

The most noted writer on political skill and diplomacy. The Prince, the book he wrote, still influences many modern-day political thinkers. Recognized the danger in confronting Florence in the 15th c as French armies threatened the independence of many city-states. He wanted to see past realism and a ruler must be tough.

Wrote The Book of the Coutier

(ca) He was a candiate for uniting Italy under Alexander's authority. (The pope's warrior son)

Believed to have stopped destructive rainfall

His reign dates. Borgia pope who tried to reclaim his lands from his acquisitive neighbors. He upheld the Renaissance Family Life.

French armies invaded the countryside around Florence, and the city-state was again buffeted w/ financial and material woes. The French allies found a ally within the city in the person of a fiery preacher who had objected the rule of the Medici (Savonarola).

Produced by Savonarola, he preached against nude paintings and sculptures. It was a huge bonfire into which people tossed ornaments, pictures, cards, and other "frivolous" items.

During the early 1500's Florence was bankrupted and had massive debt, so they turned to the Medici.

One of the most memorable popes. Embodied the ambitious values of the times. He was a prefect Renaissance Ruler. A patron of the arts made in Rome a cultural hub on a par with the greatest of Florence.