Preceden

HIST 2112 Final

Main

Brown V. Board of Edu.

1954

Who: NAACP
What: Supreme Court ruling about segregation, “anything that is separate is automatically not equal”
Where: High school from Topeka, Kansas
Hist Significance: Overturned previous ruling and declared “separate but equal” to be unconstitutional

Eisenhower Domino Theory

1954

Who: The first mention of the domino theory occurred in a speech by Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1954.
What: The idea that if one country fell to communism, others would fall behind it
Hist Significance: The domino theory built on worldwide fears about communism, using the spread of communism after the Second World War to illustrate the power of communist nations to annex and influence their neighbors.

Emmett Till

1955

Who: He was a 14 year old boy from Chicago and went to visit his uncle? in Mississippi. While in Mississippi, he was murdered (lynched and beaten) for whistling at a white woman. His mom decided to leave his casket open for viewing so that others could see the tattered remains of her son.
Where: Mississippi
Hist Significance: Thousands of people saw the open casket; Emmett’s murder was pivotal in igniting the Civil Rights Movement of 1964.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

1955

What: Occurred after Rosa Parks was arrested. African-Americans in Montgomery, Alabama protested the bus system. They were not take public transportation, and instead many would walk wherever they needed to go. This would affect the income of the public transportation in the city.
Where: Montgomery, Alabama
Hist Significance: About a year after this boycott, the Supreme Court ruled that segregated buses were unconstitutional.

LRHS Desegregation

1957

Who: 9 African American students are integrated into a previously all white school
Where: High school in Little Rock, Arkansas
Hist Significance: On the day that these students came to the school, white people surrounded it. The governor calls in troops and resists orders to desegregate. Eisenhower sends in the 101st airborne to escort the students to class

Woolworth Sit-in

1960

Young Americans for Freedom forms

1960

Port Huron Statement

1962

Who: SDS, typically northern white kids who get out and see the wrongs of america

What: The SDS document setting out their beliefs. Says that most Americans are close-minded. Focused on the equality of all. Also discusses the military involvement.

When: 1962

Significance:

Readings: Students for a Democratic Society Issue the Port Huron Statement

Civil Rights Act of 1964

1964

Who: Act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, who would later sign the landmark Voting Rights Act into law.
What: Made public segregation illegal; outlawed major forms of discrimination against racial, ethnic, national and religious minorities, and also women
Hist Significance: Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. the EEOC enforces laws that prohibit discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, disability, or age in hiring, promoting, firing, setting wages, testing, training, apprenticeship, and all other terms and conditions of employment.

LBJ Great Society Speech

1964

president Johnson’s “great society” speech, delivered as a commencement address at the university of Michigan, inspired great optimism with its call to action on social, environmental, and racial issues and would eventually lead to establishing the Medicaid and Medicare programs, the war on poverty, and the civil rights act, among other achievements

Voting Rights Act of 1965

1965

Who: Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson
What:landmark piece of national legislation in the US that outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread refusal of African Americans
Where: US
When: August of 1965
Significance: prohibits states from imposing any voting qualification to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the US to vote on account of race or color.

Black Power

1966

Who: Stokely Carmichael, Black Muslims, Black Panthers

What: Culturally an idea that black people should take pride in their blackness. They should be proud of their color and of their culture

When: 1966

Significance: This is the first time we see violence in the Civil Rights Movement from blacks.

This is also when all white members of the SNCC were kicked out.

New Left begins

1968

Who: People that protested Vietnam, Students for a Democratic Society

What: People that wanted to see a significant social change. They are reading C. Wright Mills. They come up with the idea of who is causing the problems and how to solve them. They felt like liberalism wasn’t going far enough. Loose set of ideals: no segregation, equal right to vote, no violence, equal housing, right to love who you want, right to own body.

When: starting in 1968

Significance: The new left was significant because it showed the falseness of liberalism. How could LBJ really care about the poor and suffering while he authorized war and bombings in Vietnam, especially while civilians were dying?

Readings: New Left

The "Weathermen"

1969

Who: Radical Vietnam war protesters

What: Very violent, made bombs and explosives.

When: 1969

Significance:This group of people showed how extreme oppositions to the war were becoming. People in general were straying from accepting the war, let alone supporting it.

Pentagon Papers Released

1971

Watergate

1972

Burglars caught in watergate hotel - one of them had a business card on them with a number written on it, which was a number to the white house
Bob Woodword calls the number and discovers it goes to the white house.
Nixon denies an affiliation with the burglars.
Nixon was brilliant but had deep personal flaws - from a modest/poor background. Anybody that messes with Nixon pays for it.
Americans begin to lose trust in government.

Iran Hostage Crisis

1979 - 1981

Berlin Wall Down

1989

Soviet Union Dissolves

1991

Proposition 187

1994

Californians seek to close the door on undocumented immigrants.
would ban illegal immigrants from all social services, except emergency health care and public education.
The failure of the proposition caused much embarrassment for the California government and since that 1994 general election, no Republican has won a gubernatorial, senatorial, or presidential election.

Presidents

Dixiecrats

1948 - 1970

Eisenhower

1953 - 1961

JFK

1961 - 1964

Goldwater Nominated

1964

Who: Presidential candidate in 1964

What: Opposed the civil rights legislation because he thought government had too much involvement. Was not racist. Loses to LBJ in presidential election of 1964

When: 1964

Significance: Barry Goldwater is significant because his election started the huge switch of parties. The south became republican and the north democrat. First time republican won the deep south (even though he didn’t win as president)

Readings: Rise of Conservatism

LBJ

1964 - 1969

Nixon

1969 - 1974

Ford

1974 - 1977

Carter

1977 - 1981

Reagan

1981 - 1989

Bush

1989 - 1993

Clinton

1993 - 2001

Wars

COLD WAR

1947 - 1991

Geneva Settlement

1954

Who: French and Viet Minh
What: The Geneva Settlement of 1954 occurred at the Geneva Conference and brought an end to the Indochina War. The Settlement established a divided Vietnam--into North and South Vietnam along the 17th parallel. North Vietnam was controlled by communists, and whoever won the election of 1956 would be the leader of Vietnam once it came back together. This election never occurred, but rather, the Vietminh established a communist state in the North led by Ho Chi Minh.

Diem

1955

Who: First president of South Vietnam
What: He was educated in French schools, catholic, an elite, didn’t like the French. He wanted to westernize South Vietnam. He was a greedy, corrupt, self-serving, ruthless man.
When: 1955
Significance: We support him because he is anti-communist. Diem is important because it shows how the US, in this time period, was willing to support some pretty awful people just because they were anti-communist. We were following through with our Containment policies.

Vietnam War

1955 - 1975

Castro Cuban Revolution

1959

Fidel Castro Leads a rebellion against Batista, the current corporate regime. Communist revolution of people who were tired of being exploited.
Very alarming to America during cold war with anti-communist sentiment.

Bay of Pigs Invasion

1961

Attempt to overthrow Castro's Communist rule.
Used Cubans living in Miami to go undercover/use guerrilla tactics.
CIA drops them off on the coast of Cuba, immediately get caught.
Very embarrassing failure for Kennedy/US.

Cuban Missle Crisis

1962

Who: Kennedy, Russia, Cuba, US Navy

What: Cuba had a missile that was in route from Russia. Kennedy wanted to invade, but decides to order a blockade around Cuba so that the missile couldn’t get there. US Navy basically drew a line in the ocean. Russians couldn’t pass, they stopped their ships and agreed not to deliver missiles to them but we had to agree never to invade Cuba

When: 1962
Significance: Shows that the anti-communist, cold war tensions were still relevant and strong during the Kennedy administration.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964

A resolution that allowed LBJ to send in US military to protect the US from any future attack against America in North Vietnam. It was in response to the attack against 2 US vessels off the shore of North Vietnam, LBJ used this “attack” as leverage to have military power without declaring war. This attack was provoked by the US, and the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was actually written 6 months prior the when the attack happened.

importance: discredited the president and our involvement in Vietnam, decrease in faith of the government, brought on more radical movements against the war that turned violent and LBJ didn’t run for his second presidency.

My Lai Massacre

1968

The US military strategy was so focused on “body counts” that massacres were common.
The US was telling the American people that the war was going well. Don’t see a lot of protesters until much later in the war.

Tet Offensive

1968

January 1968. 84000 viet cong rise up and attack US. American defeat. Johnson was telling US people that US was winning war, now people are suspicious.
Where’d all these VC come from?
The credibility gap and growing antiwar sentiment at home.
Difference b/t what americans are being told and what is actually happening.
People begin to join the anti-war movement after Tet.
Not just hippies, everyone joining anti-war movement.

Oil Crisis

1973 - 1974

Who:Israel, Egypt , america
What:Israel was attacked by Egypt. OPEC cut off much of the oil supply in response making inflation worse. Oil prices got up to $75 a barrel.no jobs and rapidly increasing prices were not stimulating the economy .
When:1973-1974

Invasion of Panama

1989

Foreign Policy after the Soviets, and increasing US influence abroad. now that the soviet union is gone america can flex its muscles.
Invasion of Panama, 1989.
Accuses the leader of panama as dealing with drug dealers
Invade panama and take their leader

First Gulf War

1991

US invades kuwait to essentially steal their oil. Since no soviets in oil country, america can invade.

60's Protest Phases

"Hope" Protests

1960 - 1965

Reformist, positive (early 60’s).
America can be saved, racism, poverty, the war can be eliminated. There is nothing wrong with America itself, the ideals of America are not being extended to everyone

"Rage" Protests

1965 - 1970

Bitter, cynical, sometimes violent (late 60’s)

America but be torn down and rebuilt.