Timeline for Lectures 14-20

Who: Lords and Vassals
What: A mutual agreement between two free men that provided for an exchange of loyalty, military service, protection, and a fief (usually in the form of land).
When: 9th/10th centuries CE
Where: Europe
Why: The extreme decentralization of authority led to centuries of conflict between kings, popes, and noblemen over whether power should be local or more centrally defined.

Who: Vikings; Northmen/Norsemen
What: A series of devastating invasions by the Vikings
When: 9th/10th centuries CE
Where: western and central Europe; Russia; Byzantine Empire
Why: The Viking Invasions led to extreme decentralization of authority and led to the rise of the systems of feudalism and manorialism.

Son of Charlemagne; not a strong ruler. His sons fight over the throne

Son of Louis the Pious who received Frank

Son of Louis the Pious who received Gaul

Son of Louis the Pious who received Germany

Treaty signed by the sons of Louis the Pious that splits the Merovingian empire into 3: Gaul, Frank, and Germany

Viking who was given Normandy by Charles the Simple. He converted to Christianity

King of France that gave land (Normandy) to the viking Rollo to defend it against

Marked by an environmental warmer shift which led to longer growing season and surplus. The invent of the caruca - a heavier plow puled by horses with collars and horse shoes helped with farming. The population doubled in that 300 year period.

Earliest University in Italy

University in Northern Europe

University in Northern Europe (Before Cambridge)

University in Northern Europe (After Oxford)

Muslims that were militarily successful and controlled Asia minor

Formerly was on the counsel of Castillo (king of Christian Spain) but when he was forced into exile by his brother Alfonso he joined forced with the Muslims and gained land.

(end)

Emperor of Byzantine empire that wanted to stop the Seljuq Turks and enlisted the help of Pope Urbano II for men.

Pope that was asked by the Byzantine emperor Alexius I to send men to stop the Seljuq Turks and gave brilliant speech at council of Clermont

Brilliant speech given by Pope Urbano II to the Franks to fight the Seljuq Turks and thus started the Crusades. Told the that all of their sins would be forgiven and would receive a cross

Franks take Nicaea, Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli, and Jerusalem. After Antioch they ran out of food and resorted even to eating each other. Killed many Jews and non-Christians

Went on the Second Crusade.

Who: Muslim Ruler
What: Unified the Muslims during the Crusades; retook Jerusalem after the Battle of Hattin; negotiated an end to the Third Crusade with Richard I of England.
When: 1100s/12th century
Where: Egypt; Jerusalem
Why: Saladin’s conquest of Jerusalem led to the pope’s call for the Third Crusade; his merciful treatment of the people of Jerusalem serves as a contrast to the wholesale slaughter of the city’s residents when it was taken by Christian armies during the First Crusade.

On this Crusade many died when flour was replaced with chalk

Drowned on the third Crusade

Along with Richard I (the Lionheart) took Acre

Along with Phillip II Augustus take Acre. Negotiated an end of third crusade with Saladin

Orginally Phillip II Agustus, Richard I(the Lionheart), and Frederick I Barbarossa went on this conquest because Saladin (muslim military leader) was taking back Jerusalem, but Frederick II of Barbarossa and Richard made an agreement with Saladin

Franks take Constantinople

Lost of the Crusader city of Acre to the Muslims

Appointed by Duke of Aquitaine, he signs a document and gives control to the pope and many follow to save their eternal souls.

In France it is no longer the Carolingian dynasty but the Capetian dynasty starting with Hugh Capet.

Dane King that takes over control of England. He Supported the Catholic church.

(German) Takes south Italy

Angloe-Saxon that grew up in Normandy. Gave English land to the Norms,

Last of the Salian Kings and had great conflict with the Pope who controlled the city-states. Pope Gregory threatens to excommunicate Henry IV

(died) English brother-in-law of Edward the Confessor. After being taken captive by William he makes an oath that he will not take the throne in England and breaks that oath. William attacks in the Battle of Hastings and Harold is shot in the eye with an arrow and William became king of England.

Norman cousin of Edward the Confessor, and convinces him to exile his father-in-law. After Harold breaks his oath enlisted the help of juvenals to fight the English. Williams becomes the King of England
1- Declared England a royal possession and all feudal agreements were void
2- Created a Doomsday Book which was a detailed account of ownership for tax
3- Oath on Salisbury Plain where all vassals swear oath to him as king

Most Famous reform pope. Issued a decree that popes cannot accept power from secular sources and has the power to depose the emperor. Ultimately he dies in exile and is unsuccessful

Where Henry IV has to stand in the cold to receive forgiveness from Pope Gregory VIII

Detailed account of who owned what for tax. Effort of William the Conqueror to centralize control

Where all vassals swear oath to him as king. Effort of William the Conqueror to centralize control

(German) Brother of Robert the Cunning, took Sicily which becomes the most powerful state in Europe

Held the most powerful position in the Church in England. Forced Henry II to pay large fine

Agreement that Popes have the right to chose bishops

Was previously married to king Louis, married was enulled and two months later she married Henry II. Some of her sons rebelled against Henry and they were killed. Her son Richard I the Lionheart was given the throne.

Drowned in the Crusade (German). Tried to attack Northern Italian city-states but the Pope fights back. He negotiates with the Pope and says he will not attack if they pay tribute. This begins the Holy Roman Empire

Inherited the count of Anjou, married Elanor of Acquitane and became English King

Son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine that received the throne of England

Son of Louis VII who is king of France and attacked England but doesn't go near Aquitaine. Began to hire his own army of mercenaries instead of vassals

Frederick I Barbarossa arranges a marriage between his daughter and Henry VI and controls all but the Papal states

Loosens control over Germany but is still king; control in Germany becomes decentralized.

Made the claim that the Pope has more power than the king. Used interdict - Excommunication of an entire region to control the king.

Brother of Richard I the Lionheart because he had no sons when he died John took his place but wasn't a strong fighter

Crusade led by Pope Innocent III that denied the authority of the church. Lasted for 20 years and thousands of people were killed.

King of England John was forced to sign this feudal document saying what the king can and cannot do with the vassals and the church

Established to decide if a Christian was a hieratic

Carried by the black rat introduced by ships from Asia with the Mongols and Genoans, spread rapidly, killed 25-50% of the population in Europe in 4 years. Would go away and come back every 5-10 years

(England)

French king and father of Philip V who becomes king after him

Went against French king Philip. Decreed Unam Sanctum - Power over all Christians belongs to the Pope.

Papacy moved to Avignon by Pope Clement and king Philip IV, popes become puppets and raise taxes. Causes the great schism because goes against the Petrine supremacy

Frenchman elected by king Philip IV and moves Papal court to Avignon

Nephew of Charles IV, English-man that felt he was the closest living relative for the French throne after Charles IV died.

(died) One of the three sons of Philip V of France and when he died Charles IV becomes king. When he dies he had only daughters, a dispute for his throne between English Edward III and French Philip VI takes place

Was favored for the French throne of Charles IV by the French nobility thus beginning the hundred years war

Prince that never becomes king because his father out lived him

Caused by the dispute over the throne between Edward III and Philip IV

Battle France loses due to archery

Signed by both the French and the English

Was the Pope of the Roman Papacy

Frenchman chosen by the French cardinals during the Great Schism.

Italian elected by the french cardinals during the Great Schism

Chose to depose both Popes (Urban VI and Clement VII) and elect Alexander V creating 3 popes.

Claimed to have vision from God to lead Charles VII to be crowned. Her religious conviction helped lead the French to victory. Because she wanted to continue she was put on trial for witchcraft and burned at the stake at the age on 19

French lose 1,500 knights because of heavy armor and the muddy fields

During the Great schism, supported by the Holy Roman Empire the council of Constance deposed the three popes (Urban Vi, Clement VII, and Alexander V) and elected Martin V

King of England when France won the Hundred Years wars

Was crowned king of France in 1429