Fertile Crescent

The transition from foraging to farming
Also known as the Neolithic Revolution

New Stone Age
Named for its characteristic stone tool
Era of the Agricultural Revolution

The earliest Chinese dynasty that left written records
Knowledge of bronze metallurgy and iron working

Claimed the mandate of heaven
Further centralized the Chinese government
Standardized the spoken language

Buddhism:
Originated in India
Founded by Gautama (Buddha)
Opposed the caste system
Carried from India by merchants

Middle East/Persia

Confucianism:
A belief system that created order after the fall of the Zhou
Stressed education, good government, and filial piety
Defined Chinese culture

Tolerance toward the customs of conquered peoples
Zoroastrianism
Royal Road
Trade and cultural exchange with Greece

Age of "warring states"

Aristotle:
A model of Greek thought
Constructed arguments through the use of logic
Wrote on a variety of subjects in politics, art, and science

A belief system of China
Adapted the concepts of yin and yang
Understanding comes from following a life force, The Way
Retreat into nature

Greek

Unified Greek and Persian culture
Reached the Indian subcontinent (327 BCE) as far as the Indus River, where he set up a border state called Bactria

The era in which Greek culture blended with Persian and other Eastern influences throughout the former empire of Alexander the Great

The first rulers to unify most of the Indian subcontinent
Encouraged trade
Spread Buddhism

India during the Mauryan dynasty

Middle East/Persia

Gave China its name
Began the Great Wall
Standardized the written language
Encouraged the manufacture of silk

Beginning of the Chinese civil service exam
Silk Road trade
Paper manufacture
A time of peace
Strong patriarchy
Decline of Han China:
Poor harvests
Epidemic disease
Moral decline
Weak emperors
Unequal land distribution
Decline in trade
Barbarian invasions

The Roman Peace
The period of prosperity and stability throughout the Roman Empire

Carried from India by merchants
Buddhist monasteries served as lodging for traders

Middle East/Persia

Principal route in classical times
Use of the camel and the camel saddle
Early trade in salt and palm oil
Supplied Rome with wild animals

"The Greeks of the Americas"
Pictograph writing
Value of zero as a placeholder
Predicted eclipses
Quetzalcoatl legend

Peru

Development of the decimal system
Smallpox inoculation
Sterilization during surgery
Deterioration in the status of women
Decline of Gupta Empire:
Invasions of nomads
Gupta rule already in decline
Local princes became more powerful
Traditional Indian culture continued
Buddhism weakened

Eastern part of the Roman Empire
Thrived as a center of trade routes
Center of art and architecture
Fell in 1453 to the Ottoman Turks

Decline of Rome:
Ineffective emperors
Decline of trade
Epidemic disease
Poor harvests
Unequal land distribution
Moral decay
Barbarian invasions

Reunites China

Capital at Damascus
An empire that emphasized Arabic ethnicity more than adherence to Islam
Respect for Jews and Christians as People of the Book

Protected trade and travel
Urbanization
Land redistribution
Gunpowder invented
Tea and fast-growing rice imported from Vietnam

Capital at Baghdad
Welcomed converts to Islam
Preserved Greco-Roman learning
Achievements in science, mathematics
Urbanization

The Americas

Movable type
Magnetic compass
Abacus
Foot binding among elite classes
Flame-throwers and rocket launchers
Landscape paintings

Gothic architecture
Universities
Centralized monarchies
Urbanization
Growth of banking

Muslim rule of northern India
Appealed to some Buddhists, members of lower Hindu castes, and untouchables

The time period in which the Mongols ensured the safety of Eurasian trade and travel

Name given to the Mongol rule of China
Religious toleration
Welcomed foreign scholars and artisans
Chinese local officials

European name for the outbreak of the bubonic plague that spread across Asia, Europe, and North Africa

Return to Chinese tradition
Thought control
Neo-Confucianism
Zheng He voyages
Interest in Western technology

Massive expeditions into the Indian Ocean to display glories of the Middle Kingdom
Traded porcelain

Gunpowder empire
control of northern and central India
Cooperation between Hindus and Muslims
Decline of its power opened doors for the British in India

The revival of learning in Europe

West Africa

The exchange of food crops, livestock, and disease between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres after the voyages of Columbus

Movement begun by Martin Luther to reform beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church
Produced new Christian denominations

A European intellectual movement in the seventeenth century that established the basis for modern science

Brought a degree of centralized authority to Japan
Ruled from Edo (present-day Tokyo)
Persecution of Christians
Ban on most trade

Jamestown, VA

Corrupt rulers
Strengthened military power of Christians and other Muslims
Effects of European inflation
Reliance on outdated technology

In eighteenth-century Europe, a philosophical movement based on reason
Stressed education to improve humankind and society

Undertaken by Peter the Great and Catherine the Great
Appreciation for Western technology
Ballet introduced
Some Enlightenment ideas

Declared the independence of the United States of America from Britain
Modeled after the political philosophy of John Locke

The transition between the domestic system of manufacturing and the mechanization of production in a factory setting

A statement of political rights adopted by the French National Assembly during the French Revolution

The period of the most extreme violence during the French Revolution

War between Britain and China
Began with Qing dynasty's refusal to allow continued opium importation into China

Designed to make the government and military more efficient

Ended the Opium War
Ceded Hong Kong to the British

Written by Karl Marx

Seneca Falls, New York

Movement in which the Chinese modernized their army and encouraged Western investment in factories and railways

YAY CANADA

The restoration of the Meiji emperor
Beginning of a program of industrialization and centralization of Japan

Canal constructed by Egypt across the Isthmus of Suez

Meeting of European imperialist powers to divide Africa among them

The political party that became the leader of the Indian nationalist movement

Fought for control of Korea
Japan defeated China

US acquires the Philippines
Began the rise of the US as a world power

Revolt against foreign residents of China

War between Japan and Russia over Machuria
Resulted in the defeat of Russia by the Japanese navy

Strikes by urban workers and peasants in Russia
Prompted by shortages of food and by Russia's loss to Japan in 1905

Young Turks:
A society founded in 1889 in the Ottoman Empire
Designed to restore the constitution of 1876 and to reform the empire

Allied powers: Great Britain, France, Russia, US, etc.
Central powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire, etc.
New technology: Airplanes, tanks, better weaponry, poison gas
Effects of WWI on Europe:
Death of 10 million Europeans
Elimination of nearly a generation of young European men
Resulting decline in marriages lowered the birth rate

International organization founded after WWI to promote peace and cooperation among nations

Ended WWI
The 1919 peace treaty between Germany and most Allied nations
Blamed WWI on Germany and assessed it heavy reparations and large territorial losses

Plans for industrial production introduced to the Soviet Union by Joseph Stalin
Made the Soviet Union a major industrial power

The period of prolonged economic distress between the world wars
Diminished global trade produced massive worldwide unemployment

A conflict that resulted in the installation of fascist dictator Francisco Franco as ruler of Spain

Starts WWI in Asia

Allied powers: Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, US, etc.
Holocaust: The Nazi program during WWII that killed 6 million Jews and other groups of people considered "undesirable"
New technology: Atomic bomb, jet engines, tape recordings, radar
Effects of WWII:
Death of 35 million people
Postwar boundary changes forced hundreds of thousands of displaced persons to relocate

Improved irrigation methods and the use of high-yield seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides to improve agricultural production
Especially successful in Asia

French colony
Occupied by Japan during WWII
France unable to regain control
1960s: US military involvement
1975: Fall of the entire country to communism

The international organization founded in 1945 to establish peace and cooperation among nations

IMF: An international organization founded to promote market economies and free trade
World Bank: An agency of the UN that offers loans to countries to promote trade and economic development

The tense diplomatic relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union after WWII

UN partitioned Palestine into Jewish and Arab countries
The independent state of Israel was proclaimed

A defense alliance between the nations of Western Europe and North America

Invasion of North Korea into South Korea
North Korea was backed by the Soviet Union
South Korea was backed by a US-led United Nations coalition

The agreement between the Soviet Union and the countries of Eastern Europe in response to the creation of NATO

The disastrous economic policy of Mao Zedong that proposed the use of small-scale industrial projects on individual peasant communes

A wall constructed by the Soviets to divide East and West Berlin
Built to stem the tide of refugees from East Berlin to West Berlin

Confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union over the presence of Soviet Missiles in Cuba
A classic example of brinkmanship

A Chinese movement intended to establish an egalitarian society of peasants and workers

Invasion to support communist combatants in Afghanistan's civil war
Soviet withdrawal in 1989 after failing to establish communism

African majority rule in South Africa

Designed to reduce trade barriers and promote economic unity in Europe
Formed to replace the European Economic Community

An international organization begun in 1995 to promote and organize world trade

Seattle, Washington