Beginnings-500 BCE
Fertile Crescent
The transition from foraging to farming
Also known as the Neolithic Revolution
New Stone Age
Named for its characteristic stone tool
Era of the Agricultural Revolution
The earliest Chinese dynasty that left written records
Knowledge of bronze metallurgy and iron working
500 BCE-500 CE
Claimed the mandate of heaven
Further centralized the Chinese government
Standardized the spoken language
Buddhism:
Originated in India
Founded by Gautama (Buddha)
Opposed the caste system
Carried from India by merchants
Middle East/Persia
Confucianism:
A belief system that created order after the fall of the Zhou
Stressed education, good government, and filial piety
Defined Chinese culture
Tolerance toward the customs of conquered peoples
Zoroastrianism
Royal Road
Trade and cultural exchange with Greece
Age of "warring states"
Aristotle:
A model of Greek thought
Constructed arguments through the use of logic
Wrote on a variety of subjects in politics, art, and science
A belief system of China
Adapted the concepts of yin and yang
Understanding comes from following a life force, The Way
Retreat into nature
Greek
Unified Greek and Persian culture
Reached the Indian subcontinent (327 BCE) as far as the Indus River, where he set up a border state called Bactria
The era in which Greek culture blended with Persian and other Eastern influences throughout the former empire of Alexander the Great
The first rulers to unify most of the Indian subcontinent
Encouraged trade
Spread Buddhism
India during the Mauryan dynasty
Middle East/Persia
Gave China its name
Began the Great Wall
Standardized the written language
Encouraged the manufacture of silk
Beginning of the Chinese civil service exam
Silk Road trade
Paper manufacture
A time of peace
Strong patriarchy
Decline of Han China:
Poor harvests
Epidemic disease
Moral decline
Weak emperors
Unequal land distribution
Decline in trade
Barbarian invasions
The Roman Peace
The period of prosperity and stability throughout the Roman Empire
Carried from India by merchants
Buddhist monasteries served as lodging for traders
Middle East/Persia
Principal route in classical times
Use of the camel and the camel saddle
Early trade in salt and palm oil
Supplied Rome with wild animals
"The Greeks of the Americas"
Pictograph writing
Value of zero as a placeholder
Predicted eclipses
Quetzalcoatl legend
Peru
Development of the decimal system
Smallpox inoculation
Sterilization during surgery
Deterioration in the status of women
Decline of Gupta Empire:
Invasions of nomads
Gupta rule already in decline
Local princes became more powerful
Traditional Indian culture continued
Buddhism weakened
Eastern part of the Roman Empire
Thrived as a center of trade routes
Center of art and architecture
Fell in 1453 to the Ottoman Turks
Decline of Rome:
Ineffective emperors
Decline of trade
Epidemic disease
Poor harvests
Unequal land distribution
Moral decay
Barbarian invasions
Reunites China
Capital at Damascus
An empire that emphasized Arabic ethnicity more than adherence to Islam
Respect for Jews and Christians as People of the Book
500 CE-1500 CE
Protected trade and travel
Urbanization
Land redistribution
Gunpowder invented
Tea and fast-growing rice imported from Vietnam
Capital at Baghdad
Welcomed converts to Islam
Preserved Greco-Roman learning
Achievements in science, mathematics
Urbanization
The Americas
Movable type
Magnetic compass
Abacus
Foot binding among elite classes
Flame-throwers and rocket launchers
Landscape paintings
Gothic architecture
Universities
Centralized monarchies
Urbanization
Growth of banking
Muslim rule of northern India
Appealed to some Buddhists, members of lower Hindu castes, and untouchables
The time period in which the Mongols ensured the safety of Eurasian trade and travel
Name given to the Mongol rule of China
Religious toleration
Welcomed foreign scholars and artisans
Chinese local officials
European name for the outbreak of the bubonic plague that spread across Asia, Europe, and North Africa
Return to Chinese tradition
Thought control
Neo-Confucianism
Zheng He voyages
Interest in Western technology
Massive expeditions into the Indian Ocean to display glories of the Middle Kingdom
Traded porcelain
Gunpowder empire
control of northern and central India
Cooperation between Hindus and Muslims
Decline of its power opened doors for the British in India
1450 CE-1750 CE
The revival of learning in Europe
West Africa
The exchange of food crops, livestock, and disease between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres after the voyages of Columbus
Movement begun by Martin Luther to reform beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church
Produced new Christian denominations
A European intellectual movement in the seventeenth century that established the basis for modern science
Brought a degree of centralized authority to Japan
Ruled from Edo (present-day Tokyo)
Persecution of Christians
Ban on most trade
Jamestown, VA
Corrupt rulers
Strengthened military power of Christians and other Muslims
Effects of European inflation
Reliance on outdated technology
1750 CE-1914 CE
In eighteenth-century Europe, a philosophical movement based on reason
Stressed education to improve humankind and society
Undertaken by Peter the Great and Catherine the Great
Appreciation for Western technology
Ballet introduced
Some Enlightenment ideas
Declared the independence of the United States of America from Britain
Modeled after the political philosophy of John Locke
The transition between the domestic system of manufacturing and the mechanization of production in a factory setting
A statement of political rights adopted by the French National Assembly during the French Revolution
The period of the most extreme violence during the French Revolution
War between Britain and China
Began with Qing dynasty's refusal to allow continued opium importation into China
Designed to make the government and military more efficient
Ended the Opium War
Ceded Hong Kong to the British
Written by Karl Marx
Seneca Falls, New York
Movement in which the Chinese modernized their army and encouraged Western investment in factories and railways
YAY CANADA
The restoration of the Meiji emperor
Beginning of a program of industrialization and centralization of Japan
Canal constructed by Egypt across the Isthmus of Suez
Meeting of European imperialist powers to divide Africa among them
The political party that became the leader of the Indian nationalist movement
Fought for control of Korea
Japan defeated China
US acquires the Philippines
Began the rise of the US as a world power
Revolt against foreign residents of China
War between Japan and Russia over Machuria
Resulted in the defeat of Russia by the Japanese navy
Strikes by urban workers and peasants in Russia
Prompted by shortages of food and by Russia's loss to Japan in 1905
Young Turks:
A society founded in 1889 in the Ottoman Empire
Designed to restore the constitution of 1876 and to reform the empire
1914 CE-Present Day
Allied powers: Great Britain, France, Russia, US, etc.
Central powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire, etc.
New technology: Airplanes, tanks, better weaponry, poison gas
Effects of WWI on Europe:
Death of 10 million Europeans
Elimination of nearly a generation of young European men
Resulting decline in marriages lowered the birth rate
International organization founded after WWI to promote peace and cooperation among nations
Ended WWI
The 1919 peace treaty between Germany and most Allied nations
Blamed WWI on Germany and assessed it heavy reparations and large territorial losses
Plans for industrial production introduced to the Soviet Union by Joseph Stalin
Made the Soviet Union a major industrial power
The period of prolonged economic distress between the world wars
Diminished global trade produced massive worldwide unemployment
A conflict that resulted in the installation of fascist dictator Francisco Franco as ruler of Spain
Starts WWI in Asia
Allied powers: Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, US, etc.
Holocaust: The Nazi program during WWII that killed 6 million Jews and other groups of people considered "undesirable"
New technology: Atomic bomb, jet engines, tape recordings, radar
Effects of WWII:
Death of 35 million people
Postwar boundary changes forced hundreds of thousands of displaced persons to relocate
Improved irrigation methods and the use of high-yield seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides to improve agricultural production
Especially successful in Asia
French colony
Occupied by Japan during WWII
France unable to regain control
1960s: US military involvement
1975: Fall of the entire country to communism
The international organization founded in 1945 to establish peace and cooperation among nations
IMF: An international organization founded to promote market economies and free trade
World Bank: An agency of the UN that offers loans to countries to promote trade and economic development
The tense diplomatic relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union after WWII
UN partitioned Palestine into Jewish and Arab countries
The independent state of Israel was proclaimed
A defense alliance between the nations of Western Europe and North America
Invasion of North Korea into South Korea
North Korea was backed by the Soviet Union
South Korea was backed by a US-led United Nations coalition
The agreement between the Soviet Union and the countries of Eastern Europe in response to the creation of NATO
The disastrous economic policy of Mao Zedong that proposed the use of small-scale industrial projects on individual peasant communes
A wall constructed by the Soviets to divide East and West Berlin
Built to stem the tide of refugees from East Berlin to West Berlin
Confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union over the presence of Soviet Missiles in Cuba
A classic example of brinkmanship
A Chinese movement intended to establish an egalitarian society of peasants and workers
Invasion to support communist combatants in Afghanistan's civil war
Soviet withdrawal in 1989 after failing to establish communism
African majority rule in South Africa
Designed to reduce trade barriers and promote economic unity in Europe
Formed to replace the European Economic Community
An international organization begun in 1995 to promote and organize world trade
Seattle, Washington