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1845
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Deloitte founded in London in 1845 by 27-year old William Welch Deloitte, believed to be the first individual retained as independent auditor
1849
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Great Western Railway Company retained Deloitte as auditor
1922 - 1943
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After WWII, the Italian monarchy dissolved, King Umberto II forced to abdicate, even though fascist military leader Benito Mussolini effectively ruled from 1922-1943
1924
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26-year old Alexander Richardson Grant created Alexander Grant & Co. in Chicago
1938
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January 1, 1948
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Creation of new democracy, Repubblica Italia
1965
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By mid 1960s, Calisto expanded the family business to a wide range of food products (primarily dairy products)
1966
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Tanzi learned new pasteurization process developed in Sweden, called ultra-high-temperature (UHT) pasteurization
1970 - 1979
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High priority on strengthening credibility with primary objective to increase foreign direct investment
1974
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Created Commissione Nazionale per le Societa e la Borsa, federal agency like SEC and commonly known as Consob that oversees independent audit function
1975
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Italian law mandated public company to have audited financial statements by independent firm
1988 - 1989
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Parmalat suffered large losses from television broadcasting attempt to compete with Berlusconi's networks and earliest international venture, Brazilian subsidiary established in 1970s; Tanzi & Tonna increased the scope and magnitude of the fraud from increasing losses of Brazilian subsidiary
1988
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Fought off takeover attempt by US-based Kraft Foods
1990 - 1999
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Aggressive acquisition program to become major international food distributor
1990
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Six international accounting firms in 1990 called the Big 6 but subsequent merger and AA demise created Big Four, which audited more than 95% of all required companies to be audited by Consob or other government mandates
1990
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Parmalat retained GT as auditor when went public in 1990
1990
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Christian Democratic Party (Democrazia Cristiana) dominated Italian politics for 5 decades after WWII with Tanzi as an important leader and financial support; in early 1990s, the Party collapsed after a political scandal and Silvio Berlusconi, Tanzi's rival, became Prime Minister for 3 non-consecutive terms
1990
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Company went public on Milan Stock Exchange, Italy's largest securities market
1995 - 2003
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Floated 35 bond issues, several exclusively marketed in the US
1997
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Senior member of GT audit team confessed awareness of large "hole" as early as 1997, but CFO convinced him that the "hole" would be filled in 3 years by profitable operations
1999
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Forced to replace GT in 1999 and chose D&T, who was the auditor when accounting fraud exposed in late December 2003
2003
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Majority of reported assets were a product of Account 999 by later 2003; "trash bin for fake revenues, assets, and profits"
2003
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Consob asked D&T about suspicious items but D&T less than candid
2003
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More than 36,000 employees and operations in 30 countries; Tanzi wanted to become the "Coca-Cola of milk" (12B glasses of Parmalat milk consumed annually)
2003
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200 interlocking corporations and subsidiaries including 20 finance companies, which thwarted government oversight that was deeply resented in Italy
2003
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Institutional investors and large investment firms (Lehman Brothers and Merrill Lynch) questioned Parmalat's borrowings with billions in unrestricted cash
November 2003
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Parmalat officials mistakenly admitted to difficulty in paying off a small bond issues, which triggered more questions and issues
December 2003
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Tanzi visited Prime Minister Berlusconi privately in Rome one month earlier for emergency government loans or loan guarantees; BOA revealed fictitious $5B cash account, causing bankruptcy and placement under government-appointed management team
December 2003
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Claudio Pessina, financial accountant for large Italian food conglomerate Parmalat, was ordered by CAO Luciano Del Soldato, the immediate supervisor, to destroy his laptop with a large hammer
December 24, 2003
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Parmalat filed for bankruptcy on Christmas Eve, 2003
December 27, 2003
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Tanzi indicted and arrested for fraud; business press compared to Enron, almost exactly 2 years prior, as "castle of cards"
December 31, 2003
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Italian law enforcement arrested Del Soldato and 7 other executives for being involved in the largest accounting fraud in European history (1.5% of Italy's GNP, which was a much larger impact on Italy's economy than Enron or WorldCom on the US economy; fraud for more than 15 years; overstated assets by $16B; understated liabilities by over $10B; recorded $5B fictitious cash from BOA deposit; used mysterious inter-company account, Account 999, as virtual garbage dump for fictitious assets)
2004
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Italian law allowed audit committee instead of board of statutory auditors, which can issue annual audit report in addition to auditors'
2004
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New government-appointed management team chose PwC as new auditor
2005
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Fausto Tonna, former CFO, convicted to 30-month sentence, but converted to community service
January 1, 2005
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IFRS required since January 1, 2005; one minor difference between US and Italian auditors' responsibilities
2005
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Judge Lewis Kaplan, federal judge in Manhattan US District Court, issued ruling on "one firm" argument, which was "dawn of "one international accounting firm liability"
2006
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Posting modest operating profits and listed on Milan Stock Exchange
January 2007
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D&T agreed to pay $149M to settle lawsuit against former bondholders
December 2008
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Tanzi sentenced to 10 years but reached age 70 one month prior to sentencing, so very unlikely to serve sentence even if appeal denied
2009
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Ironically, Judge Kaplan dismissed same bondholders' claims against GT as losses due to misconduct of Parmalat's management
2009
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Judge Kaplan issued ruling on "one firm" argument that "parent can't hide from misdeeds of its children"
2010
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DTT organized as Swiss verein, German term for union or voluntary association of businesses or not-for-profits, and best known verein worldwide; in 2010, reorganized as private company under UK laws