Chapter 30 Post-Industrial Society 1960-89

-broke up state monopolies
- allowed some private retail stpres
-encouraged private agriculture
-the most successful

-limited privatization
-showed moderate success
-reversed when government returned to centralization in the late 1960's

governments borrowed massive amounts of hard currency from WESTERN banks and governments
-convinced people that communism was bankrupt
-set cycle of indebtness that helped bring down the East bloc in 1989

Arab-led Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
-had watched price of crude oil decline compared to western manufactured goods
-united front against Western Oil companies

-foreign aid and foreign wars weakened the value of American currency
-Nixon attempted to reverse trend by stopping the exchange of U.S. currency for gold
-value of dollar fell sharply
-inflation accelerated worldwide
-fixed rates of exchange abandoned
-dramatic reversal in price and availability of energy

-Plunged world into worst economic decline since the '30's
-Unemployment rose, productivity and living standards declined, inflation soared
1976: Modest recovery in progress
1979: fundamentalist Islamic revolution struck Iran and oil production collapsed
-Second Oil Shock
1982: Uneven recovery
Stagflation: the combination of low growth and high inflation that led to a worldwide recession

In response to the US being Israel's ally
-crude oil prices quadrupled in one year
-rapid price increase was economically destructive

-heavy industry declined
Misery Index: combined rates of inflation and unemployment into a single number

highest level since the great depression
-19 million people without work

Leonid Brezhnev (Soviet Premier) made doctrine stating that the Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever they saw the need
-showed that only the threat of the Soviet military was holding the East Bloc together

-reform elements in the Czech communist party gained majority and voted out long-time stalinist leader
-Alexander Dubček: dedicated communist but believed that they could reconcile genuine socialism with personal freedom and internal party democracy
"Socialism with a Human Face"
-Soviet Union feared liberalized Czechoslovakia would be drawn to neutrality or even the democratic West
-East Bloc launched concerted campaign of intimidation against reformers
-August 1968 500,000 troops occupied Czechoslovakia
-arrested leaders surrendered to Soviet demands

-reform movement abandoned and humanizing communism came to an end

-Angry students and striking workers
- students inspired by New Left ideals initially occupied buildings and took over the University of Paris
May 10: police tried to clear the area around the University and a street battle took place
-triggered national revolt

-10 million workers on strike
-French 5th revolution on verge of collapse
-De Gaulle surrounded Paris with troops

-gov't promised workplace reforms and workers go back to work
-De Gaulle dissolves Parliament and called for new elections
-75% conservative party
-marked the high point of counterculture protest in Europe

-unruly sattelite, communists failed to monopolize society
-angry protest in 1970
1978 Cardinal Karol Wojtyla elected pope as john paul II
1979 returns to Poland preaching love of Christ and inalienable rights of man

British soldiers shot and killed 13 irish demonstrators protesting anti-Catholc discrimination
-violen of the IRA (Provisional Irish Republican Army) escalated

-small group of citizens including Vaclav Havel signed manifesto Charter 77
-criticized government for ignoring the human rights provision of the Helsinki accords
-criticized censorship and argues for improved environmental policies

16,000 workers at Lenin shipyards in Gdansk
-advanced ideals of civil society: free trade unions, freedom of speech, release of political prisoners, economic reforms
-18 days of strike until gov't gave in
Ked by LECH WALESA
-free trade union called Solidarity
-national, linking 9.5 million members
-moderation, self-limiting revolution

-dropped nationwide strike
-Walesa settled for minor gov't concessions
-Polish communist leadership denounced solidarity for promoting economic collapse and provoking a possible soviet invasion
DECEMBER:
Jaruzelski proclaimed martial law and arrested solidarity's leaders

-eliminated secret police, communist leaders in gov't and Jaruzelski too
-economic shock therapy

By Simone de Beauvoir
-analyzed the position of women within the framework of existentialist though
-argued that women had almost always been trapped by particularly inflexible and limiting conditions

referred to a future spring when people in a developed society would wake up and hear no birds
-book had major impact on the growth of the enviromental movement

Friedman helped to found it
-attacked patriarchy
-the domination of society by men and sexism, the inequalities faced by women simply because they were female
-Advocates of women's rights pushed for new statutes
-laws against discrimination, equal pay for equal work, measures like maternal leave and affordable day care
- right to divorce, legalized abortion, needs of single mothers and protection fro rape and physical violence
1988: divorce and abortion were common and Italy, lowest birth rate in europe
-many newly empowered women were active in the antinuclear peace movement, with roots in the anti-Vietnam protests of the 60's

Student protesters at the University of Copenhagen took over a scientific conference on natural history

western world

-Rhine river was an industrial sewer
-coasts of Brittany fouled by oil spills
-Nuclear power plants in Western europe produced toxic waste

Founded by Canadians

West Germany
A political party intended to fight for environmental causes
Elected member to parliament in 1983

By Betty Friedan
-called attention to the stifling aspects of women's domestic life, devoted to the service of husbands and children
-"gilded cage"