Delilah A Dupas

According to Shi & Singh, 2019, "Almshouses were unspecialized institutions that admitted poor and needy persons of all kinds: the elderly, orphaned, insane, ill and disabled, p. 100).
The Pesthouse was built to isolate people who contracted a contagious disease.

Pros: Provided food and shelter to the destitute of society
Cons: These institutions were not specialized

Dispensaries were established as Outpatient clinics of hospitals to provide free care to those who could not afford to pay (Shi & Singh, 2019, p. 100).
Pros: It provided services to the poor and helped both physicians and medical students gain knowledge with diagnosing and treating a variety of cases
Cons: The dispensary was staffed for little to no income (Shi & Singh, 2019, p. 100)

The medical practice did not require rigorous education, clinical training, residency practice exams, or licensing (Shi & Singh, 2019, p. 98).

The practice of medicine was considered a trade, with physicians often taking second jobs to feed their families.
Surgeries were limited, and there was no medical equipment.

John Hopkins University played a substantial role in medical education reform. By opening the first school under the leadership of William H. Welch medical education was heightened.
Pros: Medical education became a graduate training course requiring a college degree which forwarded the move to professional maturity over the next few years
Cons: The heightened standards made it difficult for propriety schools to survive and those schools eventually closed (Shi & Sing, 2019, p. 108)

About 26 states had enacted medical licensure laws
Pros: Physicians obtained a clear monopoly on the practice of medicine, Anderson (1990)
Cons: Candidates could be rejected if the school they previously attended was deemed inadequate (Starr, 1982)

Health insurance policies were developed protecting against loss of income during sickness and temporary disability (Whitted, 1993).

Pros: Insurance policies covered bodily injuries, sickness, and temporary incapacity
Cons: The Coverage turned out to be disability insurance rather than health insurance (Mayer and Mayer, 1984).

Blue Cross plans in 43 states served 20 million members
Pros: the proportions of the U.S population covered by hospital insurance increased from 9% to 57% (Anderson, 1990)
Cons: Only covered hospital charges

The Social Security Amendment introduced a federal-state program known as Medicaid and Medicare to assist health insurance for the low-income population and the elderly.
Pros: The programs assist low-income adults and children, pregnant women, elderly adults and people with disabilities
Cons: When Medicaid first emerged it was burdened by the stigma of public welfare and physicians refused to accept Medicaid covered patients due to low fees paid by the government for their care (Shi & Singh, 2019, p. 120)

Globalization includes various economic activities, characterized by transnational movement and exchange of goods, services, people and capital (Shi & Singh, 2019, p. 123)
Pros: increased access to health care for patients
Cons: Infectious diseases can easily spread from one country to the next

According to Shi & Singh (2019), "the Affordable Care Act coverage attributed to the law's income-based federal subsidies that enabled low-income individuals to purchase coverage on the new government-established health insurance (p. 126).
Pros: Helped low-income individuals afford health care
Cons: The ACA can come with a penalty for those who still went without health insurance.