The Early Modern Era 1450-1750

a mathematician and astronomer of the Renaissance who formulated the heliocentric model of the universe with the Sun in the center of the universe

A Spanish explorer, conquistador, and governor; founded the settlement of Santa Maria la Antigua del Darien, the first permanet European settlement on the mailnland of the Americas; was also the first to cross the Isthmus of Panama to reach the Pacific Ocean

a Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire

under the direction of King Charles I of Spain, this Portuguese explorer was sent to find a route to the spice islands; his exploration was the first from the Atlantic to the Pacific; did not finish his voyage, as he was killed during the Battle of Mactan in the Philippines

a German Catholic monk who began the Protestant Reformation; wrote the 95 thesis, protesting the sale of indulgences and was excommunicated by the Pope

a spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec empire; began the first phase of Spanish colonization in the Americas

the founder of the Shia Safavid dynasty

a priest and a theologian who founded the Society of Jesus(Jesuits); emerged as a religious leader during the Counter-Reformation

known as Sulieman the Magnificent; he longest reigning emperor of the Ottoman Empire; led Ottoman armies in conquering the Christian strongholds of Belgrade, Rhodes, and most of Hungary

the last Incan emperor; captured by Fancisco Pizarro and used to control the Incan empire, but later executed

a French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation; developed the christian theology of Calvinism; broke from the Catholic Church in 1530

the third Mughal emperor who asserted his power and brought all the parts of northern and central India under his control

the founder and the first shogun of the Tokugawa Shogunate, which remained in place from the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868

an Italian Jesuit priest, one of the main Christian figures in China in the 17th-18th centuries

an Italian astronomer and philosopher of the Scientific Revolution; was suspected of heresy by the Catholic Church and forced to recant his writings of the geocentrism of the universe.

an English philosopher know for his works in political philosophy; published the book 'Levithian' which concerns the structure of society and government

an English philospher and influential Enlightenment thinker; postulated that the mind was a blank slate and knowledge is achieved through experiences

became ruler of France after the death of Cardinal Mazarin; was an adherent to the divine right of kings and coninued to work to create a cenralized French state; put in place a system of absolute monarch rule in France that lasted until the French Revolution

the longest reigning Chinese emperor in history; suppressed the Revolt of the Three Feudatories; forced the Kingdom of Tungning in Taiwan to submit to Qing rule; blocked Tsarist Russia on the Amur River; expanded the empire into the northwest.

ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian empire; successfully expanded the Tsardom of russia and led a cultural revolution that replaced the medieval system with a modern European sysem

a French hisorian and philosopher of the Enlightenment; famous for his attacks on the Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion and separation of church and state

early in his reign , China saw an era of prosperity; abdicated the throne in favor of his son

a Genvan philosopher and writer who works influenced the French Revolution; made advancements in modern political, sociological, and educational thought

a key figure in the Scottish Enlightenment; a moral philosopher who published "The Theory of Moral Sentiments' and 'An Inquiry into the Naure and Causes of Wealth of Nations'

the longest female ruler of Russia; revialized Russia after the Seven Years War; ruled during the Catherinian Era, which is considered the golden age of Russia