Period of Early Modernization

Ends the final remnant of the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire. Allows the Ottomans to then control the precious port, and ultimately the Mediterranean Sea trade.

The authority of the Spanish throne to enforce Catholicism. Often led to persecution of Protestants in Spanish lands.

Opened the gates for the Europeans(Portugese) to enter the Indian Ocean Trade. He was looking for a trade route to India free of Muslim control. He was also searching for that elusive guy called Prester John

Marked the beginning of a modern world. Exchanged ideas/things, and diseases between the Old and New worlds, greatly changing societies.

Effort to drive Islam out of the Iberian Peninsula. Finally succeeded and gave way to a unified spanish monarchy that allowed columbus to set sail to the new world.

Pope established colonial boundary for Spain and Portugal, with Brazil and Philippines as the exceptions.

Though the ball began rolling slowly, this initial push led to a future of great momentum and magnitude, forever changing America and Africa.

The trade route between the Americas and Africa and Europe. Its effect was the diffusion of people and goods in all different directions. linked to the Columbian Exchange.

The Ottomans defeat the Safavids. Pretty much ended any hopes of the oppressives Shi'ites that were eclipsed by their powerful neighbors.

German priest who disagreed with certain actions of clergy, but mostly the focus on good deeds rather than faith. Published these ideas in 95 Theses

The challenge of the Catholic systems and beliefs. It led to a schism in the Church and new denominations were formed. Also triggered a Catholic counter-reformation

He defeated this short-lived empire, which led to an immediate blending of cultures and oppression of most natives.

His small force overthrew Atalahupe's large army, ending the most complex and prosperous of the American Empires.

Northern portion of New France that was crucial in the fur trade and shipping process of Les Francais. 1763, il a achete par l'anglais.

Countered the Protestant Reformation. Reshaped the Catholic Church. Ended the issue with indulgences, and focused on the education of clergy members with the help of the establishment of the Society of Jesus.

Called for by the Pope to begin a counter-reformation and address the issues that have been brought up. Reaffirmed that Catholic faith.

Trading company that was owned by private share holders, rather than the nation itself. This allowed the wealth to still be accumulated while the risk was shared, as sending many ships loaded with valuable cargo out into the ocean was rather risky.

This added to the forces that began slowing the expansion of the Ottoman Empire. Allowed Europeans to gain power in the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea.

Occured off the British Isle. British had more maneuverable boats, storms sunk some Spanish vessels. Ended Spain's reign as dominant European naval power, opening road for England and other nations.

A Shogun hailing from Tokugawa defeated the feudal lords to become the ruler of Japan, unifying the Islands. This led to Japan being a great imperial power into WWII

The British East India Company was a joint-stock company owned by private shareholders. Dominated many aspects of global trade during its existence.

First English colony in North America. Set up for later British Colonies.

What was learned in these hard years was applied to contemporary and later colonies, increasing the survival rate and ease of life in those places.

Protestant-Catholic War in HRE that ended in the Peace of Westphalia, giving sovereign rights to European states.

Reformation of thinking. Encouraged investigation through thought and reasoning, discouraged superstitious religioius beliefs. Led to great scientific discoveries of the natural world.

First defeat for the Ottomans. Ended their advancement into the European Peninsula. Gave hope to the worried Christians.

Laid down civil rights of the people that cannot be abridged by the monach or parliament.

Big huge conflict between a bunch of Europeans. Hapsbugs, Boubans, Hanovers, Prussians, etc. Took place in North America and had loose effects on all of the territories of the competing nations.

Zheng He was a Chinese court eunuch, mariner, explorer, diplomat and fleet admiral. In his life, he commanded voyages to Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, Somalia and the Swahili coast. His many voyages are often referred to as the "Voyages of Zheng He" traveling from 1405 to 1433.

Prince Henry the Naigator was responsible for many voyages that then lead to early development of European exploration and maritime trade with other continents.

Johannes Gutenburg was the mind behind printing with movable type.

Bartolomeu Dias sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488. He was also claimed to be the first European known to do this.

Sailed the Ocean blue in 1492, Christopher Columbus ultimatly found the New World for Spain. Aided by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, Colubus was the first to discover the Americas.

Vasco de Gama is known for being the first European to reach India through sea. He was most successful in the Age of Discovery when he became the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India.

Sunni Ali, first king of the Songhai Empire, ruled over both urban Muslims and rural non-Muslims concurrently when the co-existence of many different beliefs was being questioned.

Montezuma was the emperor of the Aztec Empire. When the Spanish arrived on November 8, 1519 lead by Hernan Cortez, Montezuma was stoned to death by his own people when he tried to settle the bickering.

Machiaelli was an Italian historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist and writer in Florence during the Renaissance. Along with Leonardo, Machiaelli accomplished many things and was a founder of modern political science.

Franciso Pizarro sailed from Spain to the New World with Alonzo de Ojeda on an expedition to Urabí on November 10,1509. He sailed to Cartagena as well as many other places such as northern Peru.

Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer. He later formulated a heliocentric model of the universe which placed the Sun at the center instead of the Earth. The Earth was previoulsy thought to be here.

Vasco de Balboa was a Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador. He is most popular for his crossing of the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513. He then became the first European to reach the Pacific from the New World previously not knowing.

Ferdinand Magellan's expedition completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth even though he did not last throughout the entire trip. He died 3/4 of the way.

Martin Luther was the leader of the Protestant Reformation against the Catholic Church. His ideas influenced many to convert over, excpecially princes and people of the lower clases.

Hernan Cortez was a Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and its emperor Montezuma. His doings brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile in the early 16th century as well.

Ignatius was a Spanish knight from a local noble family. He was was a theologian, who founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). Many people turned to the Jesuits and many joined.

Atahualpa was known to be the last Inca emperor of the Inca Empire before the Spanish conquest. The spaniard Francisco Pizarro captured Atahualpa and used him to control the Inca Empire eventually killing him.

John Calvin was an influential French theologian and pastor during the (Switzerland) Protestant Reformation. He later worked on a book called The Institutes of the Christian Religion that was published in 1536.

Ieyasu was the founder and first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan. The Tokugawa shogunate, family, ruled from 1600 after the Battle of Sekigahara until the Meiji Restoration in 1868.

Matteo Ricci was an Italian Jesuit priest and known to be one of the most important Jesuits of all time. Matteo Ricci's is titled today as Servant of God.

Galileo, similar to many others during his time, was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. He discovered Sun spots risking his eyes for science. He soon became blind for overuse of his eyes toward the Sun.

Thomas Hobbes was an English philosopher. He is best known for his work on political philosophy due to the book that he wrote, Leviathan. Many of his other strong points were in geometry, history, the physics of gases, theology, and ethics.

John Locke was an English philosopher and physician. He is/was regarded as one of the most influential thinkers during the Enlightenment. Epistemology and political philosophy were two fields influenced greatly by John.

Louis XIV, aka the Sun King, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France and Navarre. His drive to end feudalism later came to shape France.

Kangxi is currently the longest ruling emperor in China during the Qing dynasty. Known to be one of the greatest rulers of China, his rein lasted for 61 years.

Ruled Russia for a variety of time each. Catherine was known to be the longest ruling female of Russia in history. Peter begain the Westernization of Russia. Catherine began expanding the empire.

Francois was a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher. He was very famous for his wit, and his liberations against the established Catholic Church.

Qianlong was the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China's Qing Dynasty. Next to Kangxi, he was one of the greatest emperors of the Qing Dyansty.

Jean-Jacques was a Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer of 18th-century Romanticism. He was also a very successfull composer of music leading to his many musical accomplishments.

Adam Smith was known for two classic works during the Enlighenment called "The Theory of Moral Sentiments" written in 1759, and "An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations" written in 1776.