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Use Cases
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Resources
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Pricing
1868 - 1897
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Political machine- organized group that offered services in exchange for votes
- Political boss were the head of the political machine
- Roscoe Conkling: A city boss who used his power to fund public projects
-Precint captains: A lower rank of the political machine
-Jim Pendergast: An irish immigrant who became a democratic city boss in Kansas City by helping immigrants
- He controlled Missourri State politics
-Graft: The illegal use of political power for personal gain (fraud)
Politicians and political machines accepted bribes
- Political Machines had people vote more than once under diffrent names
-Tweed Ring Scandal: A group of corrupt politicians who prformed grafts for money
Led by Boss Tweed- A powerful city boss that led the scandal
-Patrionage gave people government jobs for support of their parties
-Civil service reformers wanted to get rid of paatrionage
1890 - 1920
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When the reformers wanted to correct the injustices.
Bad working conditions,child labor, corruption
Florence Kelly: helped win the Illinois Factory Act which banned child labor and limited women working hours
-Womens Christian Temperance Union: A group that wanted to limit the use of alcohol
- Hazen Pingree Focused on economics and wanted low fair tax and abolished corruption. Started making work relieves for unemployed citizens
Elected in 1890
1901 Tom Johnson was elected as mayor of Cleveland, Ohio
- He wanted people to play part in the city govrnment
Both Hazen and Johnson worked on removing corrupt private owners from power
History of the standard Oil Company
1901: Eugene Debs commented on the unfair balance among large companies government and common people under the free market system
1904 The book History of the Standard Oil Company was published
- The book was about a revelation of the standard oil company which was at the time run by oil tycoon John Rockeffeller
Reform Governors- 1906 Robert M. La Follette was the governor of Wisconsin. He was known as “fighting bob” LaFollette He wanted to remove corporations out of politics and give them the same treatment as other people
Muller vs Oregon- 1908, the main issue of this case was if it was if it was constitutional to set maximum workday for women.
Scientific Management- 1911 Frederick Taylor’s book " The principles of Scientific Management" was published , it was basically a theory of management that analyzed and workflows, with the objective of improving labor productivity
Keating Owen Act- 1916- joined by union labors, they wanted the government to pass the Keating Owen Act. This act banned sales in interstate commerce of goods by any facility that had children working
Bunting v Oregon- The Bunting v Oregon was a case in which the supreme court ruled a 10 hour work day not just for women but also for men. It also says that time-and-a-half wages for overtime up to 3 hours
1890 - 1920
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The Jungle”, Was written by Upton Sinclair, it’s a book that described the sickening conditions of the meatpacking industry, which came out in 1906
Square Deal : Pres. Roosevelt saw to it that common people received what he called “Square Deal”, its a term used to describe the various progressive reforms sponsered by the Roosevelt administration.
Northern Securities Company: An important United States railroad trust formed in 1901 E. H. Harriman, James J. Hill, J.P Morgan, J. D Rockefeller, and their associates. The company was sued in 1902 under the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 by President Theodore Roosevelt
1902 Coal Trike : When coal miners in Pennsylvania went on strike and demanded a 20 percent raise, a nine-hour workday, and the right to organize a union.
Conservation and Yosemite National Park : John Muir a naturalist who persuaded president Roosevelt to set aside 148 million acres of of forest reserves.
Theodore Roosevelt: Started the Progressive Movement and
The Square Deal after reading Sinclair's book.
Upton Sinclair: A journalist who’s focus was the human condition of stockyards in Chicago, and writer of “The Jungle”
John Muir: A journalist and friend of Roosevelt who’s activism helped preserve the Yosemite National Park
Square Deal: What common people would receive from the Roosevelt Administration
Sherman Antitrust Act of 1902: Prohibits certain business activities that federal government regulators deem to be anticompetitive, and requires the federal government to investigate and pursue trusts, companies, and organizations suspected of being in violation
Elkins Act: a 1903 United States law that amended the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
Hepburn Act 1906: U.S Federal law that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to set maximum railroad rates and extend it’s jurisdiction
Meat Inspection Act: Dictated strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers and created the program of federal meat inspection that was in use until it was replaced by more sophisticated techniques in the 1990’s
Pure Food and Drug Act: Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling
1910 - 1919
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1913- During Woodrow Wilson’s inauguration there were several woman suffragists who marched through the crowd. The organizers were members in the (NAWSA)
-The National Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) was one of the first associations founded in 1890 to gain rights for women.
-The founders of this association opposed the fifteenth amendment unless it would include the right for woman to vote.
Carrie Chapman Catt helped bring the era to an end and won the woman’s right to vote.
- She was the president of (NAWSA) in 1900
-Leader who worked and fought for equal voting rights for women
Susan B. Anthony
- Leader of (NAWSA) who pushed for an amendment in the constitution for women rights. Which failed to pass.
1916- Catt had a suffrage convention in which she invited President Wilson who supported suffrage
President Woodrow Wilson supported suffrage, he believed in attacking concentrations of power to give greater freedom to average citizens.
1910- He became governor of New Jersey
-He then supported progressive legislation programs
-As President he wanted to move on with his program the “New Freedom” in which he planned to reduce tariff on imported goods, reform on national banking systems, and strengthen trusts.
1914- Clayton Antitrust Act
- Prohibited the creations of monopolies and protected the rights of farm organizations and labor unions
Federal Trade Commission Act
- An agency that would help investigate any violations and to put an end on unfair practices.
1913- Underwood Act
-Reduced tariff rates
16th Amendment
- Legalized an income tax that would come from peoples earnings and corporation profits.
Federal Reserve Act
- Created a National banking system that controlled the U.S. money and the accessible credit in the country
- Managed the amount of currency in the economy
Federal Reserve System
- The Federal Reserve gives rules and makes decisions
-Banker Banks (12 Districts) print more money or make loans to private banks if told by the Fed.
- Private banks loan people the money
Women Suffrage
-Women started campaigning
- Spread the message to working class and poor women
- Disturbed government officials to advance their cause
- Formed a picket line around the white house in which some women were arrested
- Force-fed after attempting a hunger strike
1919- Nineteenth Amendment
- Granted women the right to vote
1919 - 1921
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All throughout this time, there was growing prejudice against foreign-born people (Nativism)
1919- “Red Scare” – a panic caused by the spread of communism -a political system based on a single-party government ruled by a dictatorship
1920-Sacco & Vanzetti, two Italian immigrants, are wrongfully accused and sentenced to death in a trial that was unfair due to the prejudice at the time.
1921: The Red Scare caused anti-immigration feelings, which resulted in the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 (Immigration Quotas). This limited the number of people who could enter U.S. from each foreign country.
There were several union strikes at the time, including:
- The Boston Police Strike (for better wages). The strike was broken up by Calvin Coolidge, who at the time was governor of Massachusetts.
- The Steel Mill Strike (for shorter working hours, better wages, and the right to form unions)
- Coal Miners’ Strike – a protest for better wages and shorter workdays led by John L. Lewis. The strike succeeded in raising wages.
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) – radicals in a U.S. Communist Party that sent bombs to government/business leaders, igniting the “Red Scare
1921 - 1923
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1921: Warren G. Harding becomes president, promising to restore the U.S. after Progressive Era and WWI. He used the slogan “return to normalcy”
1922: Fordney-McCumber Tariff takes effect, raising taxes on U.S. imports (this was a part of protectionism). This protected from foreign competition but made it impossible for Britain/France to repay U.S. debts. This caused a circle of debt between Britain, France, and Germany. The situation was resolved with the Dawes Plan, which was created by an American banker named Charles G. Dawes.
1921 – 1923: The Ohio Gang (corrupt politicans in Harding’s cabinet) became involved in many scandals, including the Teapot Dome Scandal (led by Secretary of Interior Albert B. Fall). Charles R. Forbes & Andrew Mellon were also a part of this group.
1923: President Harding dies.
1923 - 1929
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1923: Calvin Coolidge becomes president after Harding’s death. He supported big business, which gave way to the prosperous business boom of the 20’s.
Automobiles revolutionize transportation, causing the need for gas stations, garages, repair shops, and paved roads. This also caused Urban Sprawls.
Airplanes begin commercial air travel
Electricity becomes more standardized due to Westinghouse’ alternating current, which allowed for more long distance distribution.
More home appliances (fridges, toasters, washing machines, ect…)
Modern advertising begins
Use of credit begins (installment plans allow people to pay over time)
1920
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1921: The Red Scare caused anti-immigration feelings, which resulted in the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 (Immigration Quotas). This limited the number of people who could enter U.S. from each foreign country.
There were several union strikes at the time, including:
- The Boston Police Strike (for better wages). The strike was broken up by Calvin Coolidge, who at the time was governor of Massachusetts.
1923: Calvin Coolidge becomes president after Harding’s death. He supported big business, which gave way to the prosperous business boom of the 20’s.
Automobiles revolutionize transportation, causing the need for gas stations, garages, repair shops, and paved roads.
Airplanes begin commercial air travel
Electricity becomes more standardized due to Westinghouse’ alternating current, which allowed for more long distance distribution.
More home appliances (fridges, toasters, washing machines)
Modern advertising begins
Use of credit begins (plans allow people to pay over time)
1928 - 1934
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The Depression was a major impact in the 1930's that brought up homelessness and hunger to many.
Loss of Jobs
People were kicked out from their homes
Shantytowns- Little towns made up of shacks that sprang up
Soup Kitchen Lines- Offered either free or low-cost food
Growing unemployments: Unemployment rate went up as soon as the stock market crashed. A lot of people lost their homes, they went thru hardships and this caused hungers for a lot of citizens.
Foreclosure: Because of the Great Depression, the mortgage foreclosure increased. Low incomes and the collapse of price levels caused distress to housing markets.
Shantytowns: These are like squatter areas. Citizens stay here illegally. Shantytowns are not usually a great environment for people to stay in.
Soup Kitchens: they offered low-cost or free food. A lot of people were out of work so they could barely afford their own food. Soup Kitchens were usually run by churches or any other private properties.
Competition for jobs: African Americans suffered as soon as the economy went down. When companies began to go down, companies started laying off African American first. The white people began competing with the jobs that African American’s does.
Dust Bowl: Dust storms causing damage in places like Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico and Colorado.
1929 - 1940
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President Hoover, at first, thought that the depression was a part of the natural “business cycle”, and that the economy would eventually bounce back. He also thought that Americans should be optimistic about the economy. He believed in a small government, and his philosophy was that the government should only help to find a mutual solution between competing groups.
1929- Hoover Dam (Boulder Hoover Dam) is built, and it provided electricity, a water supply, and flood control.
1930- Democrats win more seats in congress because everyone was starting to dislike Hoover and the Republicans (1930 Congressional Elections)
1932: Hoover tries to revive the economy by helping to fund the Federal Farm Board, Federal Home Loan Bank Act, and Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC). None of these efforts really helped.
1932 - 1937
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1932- Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) is elected president, and the Democrats controlled most of Congress (both the Senate and the House)
Deficit Spending – FDR’s policy of spending more money than the government receives in revenue.
“Brain Trust” – Roosevelt’s team of carefully pickd advisers.
New Deal – the term for FDR’s policies designed to solve problems of the Great Depression.
1933: Hundred Days (March 9 – June 16) – period of time where more than 15 major pieces of New Deal legislation is passed.
FDR declares a Bank Holiday, where he closed all banks, and passed the Emergency Banking Relief Act, which allowed the Treasury to inspect them. The banks that met the standards of the inspection were allowed to reopen.
FDR begins his “Fireside Chats” – a series of informal radio talks about issues of public concern.
-Glass-Steagall Act is passed, establishing the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which provided insurance for individual bank accounts.
Federal Securities Act – required corporations to provide accurate info on stock offerings.
21st amendment repeals prohibition, allowing for more government income on alcohol tax.
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) is established, and made many renovations to the badly depressed Tennessee River Valley.
Public Works Administration (PWA) is created as part of National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), providing money to states to build school and other community buildings.
1933 – 1934: FDR creates the Civil Works Administration, providing 4 million immediate jobs by building schools and roads.
1934: Congress creates Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to regulate stock market.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) – a program that put young men to work building roads, developing parks, planting trees, and helping in soil-erosion/flood-control projects.
National Recovery Administration (NRA) – set prices/standards of products.
1937: NLRB v. Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp. – a supreme court case where a corp. was charged with intimidating/firing several union members. National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) proved them guilty of “unfair labor practices”, confirming the authority of the NLRB.
American Liberty League – group of opponents to the New Deal, including the biggest oppenents: Father Charles Coughlin, Dr. Francis Townsend, and Senator Huey Long.
1935 - 1938
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Second hundred days : The Roosevelt administration provided more extensive relief for both farmers and workers.
Relief to farmers and workers: The Works Progress Administration provided jobs to 8 million unemployed citizens by building airports, public buildings and fixing roads. Congress also passed laws to help thousands of farmers who lost their farms.
Labor Relations: National Labor Relations Act, which was also known as the Wagner Act, protected workers right to join unions and engage in collective bargaining with employers and it prohibited unfair labor practices like interfering with union organizing.
1935 – Economic security for retired workers: The Social Security Act which included Old age insurance for retirees 65 or older and their spouses. It’s basically a retirement plan. The act also included an unemployment compensation system and aid to families with dependent children and the disabled.
Eleanor Roosevelt – a social reformer. She traveled the country to see the conditions of people and helped them.
John Steinback – novelist who described the life and experience of one tenant farmer and his family.
Dorothea Lange – a very influential american photographer. Dorothea’s work showed people the hardships of the people during the great depression.
Collective Bargaining – negotiations between employers and a group of employees reaching agreements that regulate working conditions.
Fair labor standards Act – it established a minimum hourly wage and maximum number of hours in the workweek for the entire country.
Social Security Administrations – provided pensions for retired workers and their spouses and aided people with any kind of disabilities.