Sponsored expeditions, established a school for the study of mapmaking, shipbuilding, and navigation

Naval technology and naval warfare enabled the Portuguese to quickly establish fortified bases

Discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1488

1492 Columbus landed in new world

Discovered ocean route from Portugal to the East

Spanish explorer- first European to reach the Pacific from the new world

Portuguese explorer- expeditions around Africa and to the Phillipines

East India Companies Duthc- monopolize spice trade British- Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras

French colonies in the new world primarily in present day Canada, less of a power than Spain and England

Spainish colonies primarily in Brazil and the Carribean, less harsh takeover than England

There is no exact date to when trade between the new world and Europe (columbian exchange) started but seeing how Columbus did not land in the new world until 1492, 1550 is a ruff guess, trade of food crops ideas and people

Dutch-monopolize spice trade British-Bombay,Calcutta,Madras ;Indian cotton textiles

Each shareholder owns a portion of the company together charter a ship and explorer

Civil war in England that the constitutional monarchy evolved out of

Created the Gutenberg printing press enabling Martin Luther's ideas to be read widely

from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy, became power in Europe through colonies in New World

Supported idea of Absolute monarchy, colonies in new world in present day Canda

Not holy not roman and not an empire

The father of modern political theory

Finds solar system is heliocentric or sun centered disproving Aristotle

Used by the Spanish monarchy to detect Protestand heresy and political dissidents, used to discover secret Muslims and Jews

In 1480 Russia was freed from the Mongols by Ivan iii, fur trade encourage expansion into Siberia

Wrote 95 theses in 1517-saw corruption in clergy of catholic church,called for a reform

Founded the society of Jesus (Jesuits) in 1540

French convert to Protestantism, organized model of Protestant community in the 1530s

Started with Martin Luther, spread outside Germany, Protestant movements popular in Low Countries

Counter Reformation- pope final authority, bible is final authority, education of clergy

Created by Pope Paul iii in response to the Protestant Reformation

Theory of Velocity, law of inertia, telescope

Was a defeat of the Ottoman Navy

Spain vs. British = Phillip ii vs. Elizabeth

Philosophe social contract=cede rights to an absolute ruler

A religious that eventually encompassed much of Europe and was ended by the Peace of Westphalia

Philosophe social contract=will of the people

The sun king of France- created court of Versailles and promoted economic development

Question accepted practices, human use of reasoning

Tried to modernize and enlighten Russia I.e. Peter brought scholars to Russia

Unsuccessful Ottoman siege of Vienna

Treaty of Nerchinsk apart of the Glorious revolution

French Philosophe champion of religious liberty and individual freedom

Perserving human freedom where human beings a dependent on one another for satisfaction of their needs

Father of economics- added laws of supply and demand to determine price

Powerfull native american society who believed in human sacrafice to the gods, polytheistic

largest empire in pre-columbian America patchwork of languages culture and people

A Spanish explorer who conquered much of Mexico and the Aztec Empire in 1521

Aztec empire reached its maximal hieght under his reign, first contact between MesoAmericans and Europeans killed during Spanish conquest of Mexico

Spanish conquistador who helped conquer the Inca Empire in 1502

Agreed upon by the Spanish and the Portuguese to settle disputes about newly claimed land in the New World.

The last sovereign emperor of the Inca Empire before Spanish takeover

Claimed for France in 1534 by Jacques Cartier and soon became a French colony in the New World

The foundation for Jamestown was created in 1607. Jamestown was the first permanent English settlements in the Americas.

Sunni Ali was the first king of the Songhai empire, under his reign the Songhai empire surpassed the height of the Mali empire

State in Western Africa one of the largest Islamic empires in history base of power on Niger River

Trade routes that seemed to form a triangle between Africa, the Americas and Europe; slaves were one of the main goods to be transported

The Diaspora of Africans occured as a growing demand was placed on slaves, many Africans were shipped out of Africa

Dynasty after Mongol rule tried to restablish "Chinese" dynasty and rid self of Mongol past

took confucianism with ensights of Buddhism and Daoism to create Neo-confucianism, took hold during the Ming and Qing dynasty

A Chinese explorer and made many voyages who brought a Chinese naval presence into the Indian Ocean

chinese imperial palace of Ming and Ching dynasties, served as home of emperors located in what is now Beijing

unified Japan, first shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate

An Italian Jesuit who introduced Christianity and Western ideas to China

Helped with the unification of Japan the begining of Tokugawa rule

Fuedal Japenese military government unified Japan under one ruler the shogun

Body of knowledge in Japan through contacts with the Dutch, learned of the scientific revolution

Last imperial dynasty of China- worked to unify China

Qing emperor who opended ports to foreign trade encouraged Western education and Roman Catholicism

Qing emperor, his reign represents the most prosperous period of the Qing dynasty

became empire in 1453 height of power in 1590 under Suleyman the magnificant

Called Mehmed the conquerer, conquered Constantinople in 1453

In 1453 the Ottomans specifically Mehmet ii conquered Constantinople where it then became Istanbol

Founder of Safavid empire made it an Shi'a Islamic empire expanded the Safavid empire

Islamic "gunpowder empire" established a unified Iranian state, revival of Persia as economic stronghold between east and west

Ottomans vs. Safavids first battle between them, Ottomans gained control over eastern Anatolia

Called Suleyman the magnificient sultan of Ottoman empire, Ottoman empire reach peak in prosperity and power under his reign

greatest part of expansion during Akbar's reign dominant force in Indian subcontinent

Mughal emperor who took intrest in art and literature, tolerant to other religions