Timeline 2

• Oligarchy -> Tyranny -> Democracy / Republic No middle class - Very rich and very poor
• Solon the Reformer -Elected executive chief in 594 BC -Poet and wise man who introduced the Assembly and Council of 400
• Pisistratus the Tyrant -Good to the poor and hated by the rich -Encouraged cultural and artistic pursuits
• Cleisthenes (508 BC) -Introduced the final form of government of Athens as democracy as well as ostracism. -Dived city into 10 units - 50 representatives each
• Council of 500 managed the ports, military institutions, and other state properties.
• Assembly functioned as a way for citizens to vote on governmental proceedings and legislative decisions. Any male Athenian citizen could participate regardless of social and economic status.
• Women were not eligible to participate
• Became imperialistic after Persian Wars and dominated the Delian League
• Intercity warfare led to eventual decline

• Geared almost entirely for warfare
  • particularly conquered neighboring city of Messenia and forced its people to become slaves, known as Helots.
• Boys at age 7 trained to fight. Feed less which encouraged them to steal. Punished if caught.
• Men 20-30 still lived in barracks, eventually leave and marry, but still eat together.
• Disposed of sickly children
• It was a crime not to get married.
• Women played an important role and held more freedoms
• Warred with Athens in the Peloponnesian War over control of the Delian League -Won, but victory weakened both city states.

• Founded by Phoenicians in Northern Africa
• One of the first cities to use paper money -Leather like strips
• Major trade hub
• Very large walls 45ft tall and wide enough for a chariot to ride on top
  

• Founded by Romulus and Remus
• Capital of the Roman Republic and much of Roman Empire.
• Eventual home to the head of the Christian church
• Sacked in 410 AD by Alaric I
  

• Alexandria was founded by Alexander the Great in April 331 BC
• Alexander's general Ptolemy brought Alexander's body to Alexandria, though it was eventually lost after being separated from its burial site there.[
• Built all at one time and laid out on a grid pattern

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• Light House of Alexandria -More than 400ft tall, with a statue of Poseidon and mirrors to cast light
• First museum was in Alexandria -Contained half a million scrolls of knowledge

• Founded by Constantine
• Become capital of the Byzantine empire
• Center of the Eastern Orthodox church

• in his Theogony - systematically described the family tree of the Olympian gods.

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• Homer's Iliad and Odyssey are the earliest manifestation of Greek humanism and stress the Greek ideal of arete' (excellence)
• Earliest molder of the Greek outlook and character.
• Greeks grew up reciting his works
• Sensitive to the suffering caused by war
• His treatment of the gods had important religious implications

• Attempted to explain natural phenomena without reference to mythology

• Solon, a traveler and poet with a reputation for wisdom was elected chief executive of Athens.
• Initiated a rational reform based on targeting specific behavior that was hurting the city.
  • Wanted to inspire a sense of working for the common good of the city

• An aristocrat who took power from the oligarchy in Athens, and exiled those who opposed him.
• Sought favor by building more conduits to increase water supply
• Greatly emphasized enhancement of Athenian culture through architecture projects, sculptors and painters, and public recitals of Homeric epics. *Succeeded by Cleisthenes

• Cleisthenes broadens democratic institutions
• Hoped to make Democracy the dominant form of government in Athens
• Introduced the practice of Ostracism
• If a person received to many votes of affluence, that person was banished from Athens for 10 years.

• Statesman, orator, and military commander
• Athens blossomed under his leadership
• Gave funeral speech during the Peloponnesian War highlighting Athens' greatness

• Often called the "Father of History"
• Wrote a history of the Peloponnesian Wars.
• Wrote a book called The Histories
• Commented on Persian cultures as well as Greek

• King of Sparta assembles force of 300 Spartans to fight Xeres and his Persian army at the mountain pass of Thermopylae.
• Eventually overcome, but with immense casualties to Persian force.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Socrates_Louvre.jpg/450px-Socrates_Louvre.jpg
Image via wikipedia

• An enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical writers who was infamous for going around to famous figures and questioning them to show how little they actually knew.

• "I know that I know nothing"

• Regarded as a father of western philosophy and ethics

• Sentenced to death by his peers for corrupting the youth, and creating false gods.

• Trial portrayed in Plato's THe Last Days of Socrates

• First to come up with an Atomic Theory
• Matter was composed of atoms which were infinitely divisible.

• Athenian historian that recognized that a work of history was a creation of the rational mind and not an expression of the poetic imagination.
• Rejected the gods role in history

• War between Sparta and Athens over political disputes having arisen from the Delian League
• Sparta defeated the Athenian navy and eventually took the city
• Sparta dissolved the Delian League and forced Athens to destroy its walls.
• Ended Athens' Golden Age

• A student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens
  -The first institution of higher learning

• Wrote The Last Days of Socrates

• A Greek philosopher and student of Plato.
• Teacher of Alexander the Great.
• Writings were the first to create a comprehensive system of western philosophy.
• Believed in empiricism

• Not Greek strictly speaking
• Wanted to unite Macedonia & Greece
• Respected Greece's culture and technology
• Utilized cavalry

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Image via wikipedia

• In thirteen years of constant warfare, Alexander created a huge empire and began what would become known as the Hellenistic Age.

• Educated by Aristotle and slept with a copy of the Iliad annotated by Aristotle under his pillow.

• Died at age 32, presumably from a fever caused by drinking too much at a party.

• Raised an army of 40,000 men and originally set out to take revenge on the Persians

• Never lost a major battle

• Raised an army of 600,000 men to fight Alexander the Great
• Fought at the Battle of Issus
• Alexander defeats him and takes control of the Persian empire
• Darius flees and Alexander pursues, but Darius is killed by his own cousin first

• Educated by Aristotle's University
• Suggested Earth was not the center of the universe

• Mathematician or jerk responsible for modern day Geometry lessons that most textbooks still use today.

• Theorist, mathematician, inventor
• Famous for lever and pulley argument and Death Ray -Also Arimedes' screw

• The Roman legions were not invincible, and lost many battles in fact, but they persevered in wars such as the one against Pyrrhus, king of Epirus.
• The Romans consolidated their victories in Italy by extending Roman citizenship to many subjects particularly in conquered cities.
• Pyrrhus won most of his battles against the Romans, but lost so many me, it wasn't a true victory -Pyrrhic Victory

• Drew maps of the known world
• Calculated the circumference of the world with very little error

• Roman comedian

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Image via wikipedia

• Brilliant Carthage general that won numerous battles against the Romans in the Second Punic War, but was eventually overcome by Scipio Africanus at the Battle of Zama in 202 BC
• Known for his awesome battle elephants.

• Roman general who defeated Hannibal at the Battle of Zama in 202 BC, and ended the Second Punic War.

• Antiochus' efforts to force Greek culture on the Jews provoked the revolt of the Maccabees in Judea in 167 bc
• Victory of the Jews (commemorated by Hanukkah) had profound consequences for subsequent religious history in the West.

• Elected consul in 107 BC
• Guaranteed land to those who served in the army for 16 years.
• Roman soldiers became more loyal to their generals than the government.

• A Roman censor who ended every speech with "Carthage must be destroyed!"

• In 82 BC declares himself dictator and rules until 79 BC
• Sets precedent that a successful general can become dictator

• Tribunes who fought for political reform class equality for the Plebians.
• Tiberius and Gaius
• Tiberius is assassinated by the Senate for trying to implement his policy reforms
• Gaius is later killed with a multitude of his followers who took to the street to fight for reform.

• Member of 1st Triumvirate
• Uber rich through real estate -Bought and restored burned real estate
  
• Put down the slave revolt by Spartacus
• Patron of Julius Caesar
• Slave dealer

• Successful Roman general and member of the 1st Triumvirate

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Image from wikipedia

• Face of the 1st Triumvirate
• Conquered all of Gaul in 58 to 50 BC
• Writes book on commentaries of the Gallic Wars
• Pompey doesn't want Caesar to come back in 49 BC and tells him not to cross the Rubicon -Crosses the Rubicon anyways and defeats Pompey and becomes Dictator of Rome
• Assassinated by Brutus and Casius in 44 BC "Et tu Brute?"
• Made elites of foreign lands citizens
• Built new cities in captured lands for his veterans.
• Reformed the calendar and introduced the leap year
• July = Julius

• Epicurean philosopher

• Roman politician and general
• Member of the Second Triumvirate
• Disagreement between Octavian and Antony erupted into civil war, the Final War of the Roman Republic, in 31 BC.
• Antony was defeated by Octavian at the naval Battle of Actium, and in a brief land battle at Alexandria.
• He and his lover Cleopatra committed suicide shortly thereafter.

• A Roman poet of the Augustan period most known for his work the Aeneid -Story of Aeneas, a Trojan who travelled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the Romans.

• The leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus.
• "Captive Greece captured her rough conqueror and introduced the arts into rustic Latinum."

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• Octavian adopted by Julius Caesar and made heir.
• Member of the Second Triumvirate
• Defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC *Becomes first emperor and reigns for 30 years
• Called himself "princeps" - first citizen
• Offered to retire in 27 BC but the Senate confirmed his rule and granted him the title "Augustus"
• Ushers in golden age and expansion.

• Rebuilt the temple in Jerusalem
• Nasty fellow, tried to introduce Greek ideology to Jewish peoples

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Image via wikipedia

• Central figure of Christianity, whom the teachings of most Christian denominations hold to be the Son of God, and is regarded as a major Prophet in Islam.
• Born during the reign of King Herod the Great
• Crucified by Roman Perfect Pontius Pilate
• Introduced Lord's Supper and Baptism

• Began as a Pharasee
  -Persecuted Christians

• On the road to Damascus was blinded and converted to Christianity

• Travelled 8,000 miles spreading the Gospel

• Wrote to churches thus the books Romans and Ephesians

• Nasty fello who was particularly violent
• Had Jesus crucified.

• Emperor that expands bureaucracy of government

• Athlete and musician
• Blamed for the great fire in Rome
• Built grand gardens on the burned land
• Blamed the fire on Christians
• Executed his own mother

• Good warrior and general
• Famous for Hadrian's wall in Scotland / England

• A prolific early Christian author from Carthage in the Roman province of Africa.
• Martyrs are the "seeds of the church."
• "What indeed has Athens to do with Jerusalem

• Poor and humble
• Became a hermit in the Egyptian desert
• People trusted his opinion
• Young men tried to be like him and follow him, pushing him deeper into the desert.

• Diocletian reorganized the empire and strengthened it but its rule became more oppressive.

• Tried to create the first monasteries for monks and nuns
• Very strict rules and routines since he was first a soldier

• Famous for seeing crosses before the Battle at Milvian Bridge
• Issued the Edict of Milan
• First emperor to recognize Christianity as a legitimate religion
• Last effective ruler of a united Roman Empire
• He founded a new capital in the East in 323, which he named Constantinople.
• Baptized on his death bed.

• Governor of Milan, Italy
• Riot in Cathedral and previous Bishop killed
• Spontaneously made a Bishop
• Good administrator and speaker
• Exalted view of Church authority
• Excommunicated the emperor when he killed rioters
• Emperor is a member of the Church, not above it.

• Secretary to Pope Damasus
• Brilliant but prickly personality
• Decided to leave Rome and built a monastery in Bethlehem
• Wanted a latin translation of the Bible -Known as the Vulgate

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• Bishop of Hippo in Africa
• Respected for his writings
• Confessions
• City of God - Church would continue to exist forever
• Wrote against the Manicheans and then Pelagians

• Argued that Peter was the first Bishop of Rome and that he was the head of the church, thus all Roman Bishops after Peter inherited his divine authority.

• List of official books of the Bible were decided upon

• Makes Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire in 392 AD

• Argued against original sin

• King of the Visigoths
• Raises an army to fight the Romans -Romans try to bribe him to leave them alone, works at first, then backfires
• 410 AD Alaric comes back and lays siege to Rome

• Known as "the scourge of god."
• Very successful leader and military general of the Huns
• Terrified most other tribes of the time, including the Romans
• Met Leo the 1st and decided not to attack Rome.

• Pleads with Attila for the Huns not to attack Rome

• The first king of the Franks to unite all of the Frankish tribes of Gaul under one ruler, changing the form of leadership from a group of royal chieftains to rule by a single king and ensuring that the kingship was passed down to his heirs.

• Came from a wealthy and well educated Roman family.
• Tried to pass on classical works, but didn't get very far
• Last classical philosopher
• Theodoric had him tortured and beaten to death with clubs for plotting against him.

• Germanic general, who in 476 AD became the first King of Italy.
• His reign is commonly seen as marking the end of the Western Roman Empire.

• Roman, left to find remote lifestyle
• People wanted to join him as well
• Monks wanted to make him their leader
• He accepted, but they regretted their decision since he was too strict
• They try to poison him
• He survives
• Put forth the Rule
• Guidelines for monasteries
• Had to be a novist for a year
• 3 Oaths --- Vow of Poverty --- Vow of Chastity --- Vow of Obedience

• Built a personal monastery
• Introduced a room called the scriptorium
• Copied ancient manuscripts such as the Aeneid

• Tries to maintain Roman government system

• Emperor of the Byzantine Empire
• Crucial in preserving Roman history, culture, and law
• Built an enormous church in Constantinople
• Wanted to reunite Empire
• Belisarius was Justinian's general who was very successful in reconquering land, but ultimately could not be reunited

• Wielded both great religious and political authority.
• Beginning of Pope's increasing political role and prowess

• After going on strike in 494 BC, the Plebians gained the right to have their own assembly, the Council of Plebs (later the Tribal Assembly) and to elect officers known as tribunes to look out for their interests.
• Tribunes could veto (Latin for "I forbid,") new legislation.

• Hard fought Greek win
• Runner ran to Athens to tell of victory

• Following the revolt of the Ionian Greeks against their Persian overlords, King Darius I sent a small detachment of forces to Attica.
• In 490 BC on the plains of Marathon, the citizen army of Athens defeated the Persians
• Ten years later, Xeres, Darius's son, organized an army of 250,000 men and more than 500 ships to conquer the Greeks.
• 300 Spartans met them at the mountain pass of Thermopylae.
• Themistocles destroys the Persian fleet at the Bay of Salamis.
• In 479 BC the Spartans defeat the Persians at a land battle at Plataea, ending the war.
• Outcome of the war propelled Athens into a golden age.
• Led to the organization of the Delian League and Athenian Imperialism.

• Athens wins naval battle against Persian forces due to better ships.

• Spartans defeat Persian forces, and Persians withdrawal

• The customary laws of Roman society were committed to writing.

• The rulings of the Tribal Assembly were declared binding on all Romans.
• Patricians still exercised a great deal of power through their clients however.

• Rome created a powerful navy
• Rome fought 7 major naval battles against Carthage and won 6
• By 241 BC they had conquered Sicily.

• Encompasses the 1st and 2nd Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage for control of the Mediterranean.
  

• Hannibal crosses the Alps to make an unexpected attack on Rome
• Scipoi Africanus responds in kind and assaults Carthage, forcing Hannibal who was quite successful in his campaign so far, to retreat back to Carthage.
• Second Punic war ends with Hannibal's defeat at the Battle of Zama in 202 BC by Scipio

• Maccabees revolted against Antiochus IV for trying to force them to adopt Greek religion and customs.
• Jewish faith survives

• Carthage is sacked a final time and completely destroyed and the fields salted

• The political alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus, and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus.

• The official political alliance of Octavian, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, and Mark Antony.
• An official, legally established institution, whose overwhelming power in the Roman state was given full legal sanction

• Octavian defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra in Alexandria, leaving him unopposed to become emperor.

• Jewish Zealots revolt against Roman rule
• Emperor Titus destroys the temple of Jerusalem
• Beginning of the divergence of Christianity and Judaism

• Constantine defeats Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge.
• Also the battle where Constantine see the 3 crosses before battle

• Decreed by Emperor Constantine in the West and Licinius Augustus in the East in 313 AD granting religious freedom throughout the Roman Empire.

• Ordered by Constantine
• Catholic church begins to take shape
• Early Bible begins to take shape
• Council decides that Jesus is "of one substance with the Father." -Doctrine of the Trinity

• Conflict between Visigoth Barbarians and Romans
• Visigoths wish to move into Roman territory to escape Huns
• Romans allow them in 375 AD
• Visigoths regret decision due to mistreatment by Romans
• They revolt from 364-378 AD -Emperor Valens musters an army but loses and dies at the Battle of Adrianople 378 AD.
• Sign of Roman weakness
• Theodosis puts down revolt finally

• Emperor Theodosius I makes Christianity the official state religion of the Roman Empire.

• Alaric I leads the Visigoth army to Rome and sacks it in 410 AD.
• Rome recalls its armies back to Rome, further weakening its borders

• Decide that Mary is the "mother of God."
• Christology

• Decide that Jesus is "true God and true man."
• Christology

• Rome is sacked for a second time by the Vandals who destroy much of the city.
• Rome never fully recovers

• Romulus Augustulus, the last emperor is deposed by Odoacer 476 AD

• Bishop of Rome excommunicates the Bishop of Constantinople
• Results in the Eastern Orthodox church

• The Minoan written language. Remains untranslatable.

• Minoan art reveals interesting potential customary ritual/sport of bull jumping.

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Image via www.mtsd.k12.nj.us

*ca 1400 BC

• The basic unit of greek civilization was the Polis, usually translated as city- state.
• Typically composed of an acropolis (high town) and agora (market place).
• "Man is a 'polis' animal." - Aristotle

• Created by Solon the Reformer
• Instituted to give every male citizen of Athens a say in government.

• The rich aristocrats of Rome who carried the majority of influence in the government.

• Poor free men of Rome who had very few rights or say in the government.

• Those who had served as magistrates were then eligible to serve in the Senate, which advised the consuls.

• Served in the highest elected political office of the Roman Republic
• Assisted by quaestors and praetors

• Elected executives, called consults to one year terms

• Assisted Consuls with judicial affairs.

• Assisted Consuls with government financial affairs

• Was responsible for maintaining the census, supervising public morality, and overseeing certain aspects of the government's finances
• Determined eligibility for other offices
• Served 18 month term

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Image via wikipedia

• Located in Athens, the great temple was dedicated to Athena, the patron goddess of the city, through the efforts of Pericles.

• Council of male citizens of various socio-economic backgrounds that elected magistrates and voted on legislation proposed in Athens.
• Originated from Solon's Council of 400

• Mystery Religions -> Isis and Osiris

• Cultish, secret rituals, worship of one specific god, but could be a member of multiple other mystery religions.

• Epicureans
  -Based of beliefs of Epicurus
  -Pursue pleasure, avoid pain.

• Stoicism
  -Based on beliefs of Zeno
  -Man was a rational being
  *Universal laws

• Logos = principle of reason guiding the world

• Belief that knowledge comes from experience and that humans begin with a blank slate.

• During Hellenistic age, a number of pseudo-scientist philosophers made major contributions to math, science, and other such academic pursuits

• Latifundia -Large plantations owned by rich patricians and worked by slaves.
• The poor turned to the brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus to fight for equality.

• Sect of Jewish faithful
• Jewish monks that lived in the desert.
• Produced and preserved the dead sea scrolls.
• Disliked the Romans

• Sect of Jewish faithful
• Future Rabis
• Believed in the law to the T
• Dislike the Romans but were a-political
• Disagreed with Jesus' teachings

• Sect of Jewish faithful
• Controlled the temple in Jerusalem
• Face of Judaism to the outside world
• Had more to lose so they worked closely with Romans
• Instrumental in Jesus' trial and execution

• Sect of Jewish faithful
• Aggressive towards the Romans, assassinated Roman officials and helpers
• Radicals

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Image via wikipedia

• Constructed under emperor Vespesian and completed under Titus
• Held 50,000 people
• Put on massive and grandiose shows of Gladiatorial fights, sea battles, animal hunts, executions, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas based on Classical mythology.

• Arianism asserted that the Son of God was a subordinate entity to God the Father.

• Idea that any Bishop could trace back their religious heritage from their teacher all the way back to an Apostle

• Swore oaths swearing they were not Christians so they wouldn't be killed.
• Some argued they could no longer be Christians / Priests.

• Christology is concerned with the details of Jesus' ministry, his acts and teachings, to arrive at a clearer understanding of who he is in his person, and his role in salvation.

• Nestorianism is a Christological doctrine advanced by Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople from 428–431 AD
• Belief that Christ had two loosely-united natures, divine and human

• Belief held by Catholic church that Christ had but a single nature, his human nature being absorbed into his divinity.

• As authority and wealth of the Pope increased, people became upset with this trend arguing that a church leader should be free of wealth and politics.

• A treatise on the responsibilities of the clergy written by Pope Gregory I around the year 590 AD, shortly after his papal inauguration.