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2300 BCE - 1500 BCE
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After Aryans migrated from North of the Himalayans to current Pakistan and India, they brought their Indo-European language, a belief in deities, and their scriptures called the Vedas. Their scriptures taught that a soul is reborn or reincarnated. Additionally, they believed in caste systems.
1600 BCE - 1200 BCE
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Inhabitants moved to Easter Island, Hawaii, New Zealand, and the areas of Micronesia and Melanesia. The migration was caused due to technological innovations and climate change.
563 BCE - 483 BCE
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Siddhartha Gautama, the founder of Buddhism, was born into a wealthy Hindu family based his teachings on the suffering people around him. Also known as "Buddha." Believed in the Four Noble Truths and the Eight-Fold Path. Buddhism spread quickly because it rejected the caste system.
551 BCE - 479 BCE
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K'ung Fu-Tzu, also known as Confucius, was born into poverty while the Zhou Dynasty was in decline. He worked multiple jobs part of the Chinese bureaucracy and developed his thoughts about the relationship between the state and each individual. After a disagreement with local-powers, Confucius began traveling and gained disciples. His ideas became the foundation of Confucianism and after his death, his loyal disciples compiled a work called the Analects filled with his teachings.
206 BCE - 220 CE
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Following the Qin Dynasty, the second imperial dynasty, the Han dynasty, promoted a centralized government and Confucian ideologies. The Great Wall was built in order to protect China from foreigners. Major work was done during the Han dynasty due to economic and defensive reasons.
130 BCE
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Ceramics, tea, precious metals, and spices were traded in a significant trade route that connected Europe, the Middle East, and Africa to East Asia. Merchants traveled for thousands of miles and ideas were spread. Pax Mongolica enabled Marco Polo to travel and make observations about it. Additionally, the Mongols made the travel the safest.
618 CE - 907 CE
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Following the Sui Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty built on their accomplishments; they extended China's boundaries and the population grew. Learned to grow a variety of rice, established the civil service exam, invented gunpowder, and paper money, and was known for its porcelain, silk, and other goods.
960 CE - 1279 CE
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The Song Dynasty followed the Tang dynasty and ruled for more than three centuries. They created an opportunity for mobility in the caste system by providing education for lower classes; also, they expanded Chinese bureaucracy. They were defeated by the Mongold due to their inexperience militarily and inability to defend their territory.
1206 CE - 1368 CE
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Under Genghis Khan, also known as Temujin, the Mongolian empire united the tribes of the steppes and became known for their ruthless yet smart tactics during the battle. Consequently, they conquered different regions and gained power rapidly.
1279 CE - 1368 CE
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Established by Kublai Khan after defeating the Song Dynasty. Greater religious in the empire generated more loyalty towards the Mongols. Bureaucracy was run almost entirely by the Mongols; therefore, the Confucian leaders were extremely angry. After the Yuan Dynasty is defeated, the Mongol empire's power decreased dramatically.
1368 CE - 1644 CE
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A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. Attempted to erase changes made by the Mongols. For instance, they reestablished the civil service exam and Confucian ideals. Manchu overthrew them.
1405 - 1433
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Took seven significant voyages through the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea in order to display the might of the Ming dynasty and to receive tribute from others. His fleet was prestigious and it opened up new markets for Chinese goods. He brought back to China a new understanding of the world. After controversy was created due to Confucian ideals, Zheng He's trips ended.
1568 CE - 1871 CE
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They were the strongest military leaders in Japan; they unified the nation through the use of gunpowder. They had personal armies of samurai and established Japanese feudalism. The Daimyo centralized the government but the Han ended feudalism.
1587 CE - 1837 CE
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As Europeans expanded their trade networks, Dutch and Portuguese were tolerated Japan until they converted many Japanese into Christianity and some destroyed Buddhist shrines. The government expelled nearly all foreigners, banned foreign books, and prohibited Japanese from traveling abroad. The Japanese were isolated from the world.
1644 CE - 1911 CE
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Overthrew the Manchu during a famine and a rebellion. Exports and taxes helped the Chinese economy grow. The Qing Dynasty was the last imperial dynasty in China. Nurachi formed the dynasty and claimed himself to be the first emperor. He increased the dynasty's resources. He created a banner system that categorized the people into civil and military groups.
776 BCE - 336 BCE
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The Greek empire was separated into many city-states who shared common ideas. They had a democratic government and worshipped many deities. Two of the most important city-states were Sparta and Athens. It was a center of knowledge.
753 BC - 476 AD
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The territory from Scotland to North Africa to the Middle East was part of the Roman empire. Rome believed in a pantheon of deities, relied on slavery, and practice a form of representative government. Additionally, publicly displayed their laws, the twelve tablets. Fostered wealth and prosperity with good trade routes and strong military.
336 BCE - 323 BCE
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After Philip II was assassinated, Alexander the Great began ruling over Macedonia. Using previous knowledge taught by Aristotle, he went on a 13-year conquest which led his empire to expand around Eurasia. His empire was able to spread the Hellenistic culture. After his death, the empire fell.
200 BCE
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Trade facilitated the spread of maritime technology. The Astrolabe was improved upon by Muslim navigators in the 12th century, but it was originally invented by a Greek astronomer. It allowed sailors to know how far north or south they were from the Equator.
395 CE - 1453 CE
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After the eastern side of the Roman empire became more successful, the Roman empire is split into two. The eastern part becomes the Byzantine empire, Emperor Constantine moves the capital to Constantinople. The empire continued growing due to its location and ability to trade. Built Hagia Sophia.
1096 C.E. - 1291 C.E.
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The Crusades were a series of religious and political wars fought for control of the Holy Land. Pope Urban II started the First Crusade to aid the Christian Byzantine Empire, which was under attack by Muslim Seljuk Turks. The campaign was used to draw in peasants and nobles. There were four crusades.
1300 CE - 1600 CE
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The expansion of trade, the growth of agriculture, and the rise of a middle class allowed for societies to support artists which led to great creativity. It is a revival of interest in classical Roman and Greek cultures. Humanism was of great interest. The Gutenberg Printing Press revolutionized how the world functioned.
1347 CE - 1351 CE
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A major outbreak in Europe after being spread throughout the Silk Road and through Mongolian conquests. Around 5one third of the population in Europe died.
1517 CE - 1648 CE
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As the Europeans shifted from feudalism to a centralized government, the Church suffered and was subject to corruption. Martin Luther revealed the truth about this corruption when he wrote the 95 Theses. Consequently, Protestant Christianity emerged.
1543 CE - 1787 CE
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Scholars relied on math and reasoning instead of relying on traditional cultural authorities. Weakened influence of the church in western Europe. Scientists and scholars helped to discover new ideas.
1545 CE - 1781 CE
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It was embarked after the Protestant Reformation by the Roman Catholic Church. In order to fight the protestants, they increased the use of inquisition, had the council of Trent, and worked with the Jesuits. The Council of Trent corrected some of the Church's corruption.
1682 CE - 1725 CE
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Peter I, also known as Peter the Great, followed Alexis of Russia as tsar. He is known for building St. Petersburg, forcing bureaucrats to wear western clothing and building schools in order to "westernize" Russia. After visiting Europe, he started to believe that Europeans were more advanced and they should strive to be like them.
1685 CE - 1815 CE
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Optimistic thoughts after the Scientific Revolution. Many believed that by applying reason to natural laws progress would be made. Religion didn't disappear, but the abilities of men grew.
8,000 BCE - 3,000 BCE
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A collection of social and political developments after the climate drastically changed from the Ice Age. It was a fundamental shift in the way humans produced food through domestication, pastoralism, and sedentism. Villages grew, people specialized in labor, governments were established, and religions were based upon the weather and climate. Humans transitioned from hunting and gathering to farming.
622 BCE
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After a merchant named Muhammad received what he believed were revelations of God, he began teaching people about Allah, ritual prayer, almsgiving, fasting, and making a pilgrimage to Mecca. The monotheistic religion's beliefs were written in the Qur'an; those who followed it became known as Muslims. While there have been sect divisions, Islam grew and spread very quickly.
550 BCE - 331 BCE
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Under the leadership of Cyrus the Great, a large empire, including most of the lands of the Aegean Sea, developed in modern-day Iran. It became known as the Achaemenid Empire; their government was centralized and had an efficient bureaucracy. Additionally, they promoted trade, stability, prosperity, and religious tolerance.
33 CE
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Following Jesus's death, his disciples began spreading is teachings. Christians follow the Bible and believe that Jesus is the son of God and his death saved humankind from sins. Christianity, like Islam and Judaism, is an Abrahamic religion.
200 CE
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Due to the spread of Islam, increased demand for specialized products, such as cotton, ivory, and gold, environmental knowledge, and maritime technology, like lateen sails, trade in the Indian ocean increased tremendously. It led to diasporic communities and cultural transfers between the Middle East, the East coast of Africa, and India.
700 CE
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Trade in the Sahara desert is extremely difficult due to the environmental conditions; however, after Muslim merchants introduced camels and camel saddles, traveling was possible. Therefore, the trade route became significant around the world; commodities such as gold, ivory, and supplies for the merchants were traded in the route. Cities like Ghana and Mali grew wealthy from the trade.
1280 CE - 1337 CE
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Sundiata's grand nephew, Mansa Musa, was a leader for the Mali empire in the 14th century, but he was better kmown for his religious leadership and the pilgrimage he took to Mecca. Mali's prosperity allowed him to take a unique pilgrimage; he took an extravagant caravan and displayed Mali's wealth to others. His reign and the building of mosques and schools in Mali deepened the support for Islam in the region.
1300 CE - 1922 CE
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The Ottoman Empire was the largest and most enduring gunpowder empire. It was founded by the Osman Dynasty, and they controlled the empire for around 600 years. Mehmed II, also known as the Conqueror, besieged Constantinople, changed its name to Istanbul, and declared ti the empire's capital. The empire continuously grew under his leadership. Moreover, the empire's reached its peaked under Suleiman I. Using war tactics such as recruiting janissaries, they were able to gain more power. Eventually, the empire fell due to an inability to defend so much land from foreigners.
1325 CE - 1349 CE
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At 21 years old, Ibn Battuta, a Muslim scholar from Morocco set out to explore the world. On a journey for around 25 years, he visited places around Asia, Africa, and Europe. His observations on the cultures he observed revealed more about the world. He focused the most on religion and how Islam affected the regions.
1448 CE - 1488 CE
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Portugal led the way in European exploration as it had significant maritime innovations. For instance, Bartholomeu Diaz sailed around the tip of Africa, Vasco da Gama claimed land in India which became crucial for Portuguese trade, and Prince Henry the Navigator became the first monarch to sponsor seafaring exploration in order to find African gold and a new route. New settlements led the Portuguese to ship slaves from Africa through water, not land. Additionally, the exploration of West Africa led to trading posts that supported the country's economy. However, due to Portugal's size, merchants began trading on their own and corruption grew.
1464 CE - 1591 CE
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The Songhay was absorbed into the Mali Empire. However as Mali's empire was declining, the Songhay Kingdom became the strongest and wealthiest empire in West Africa. Their leader Sunni Ali abruptly expanded the empire to surpass Mali, and Songhay became richer and more powerful, The kingdom was defeated by Moroccan armed forces.
1501 CE - 1760 CE
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Originating from the Safavid Order of Sufism. At only 14 or 15 years old, a military hero, Ismail, conquered most of Persia and Iran and proclaimed himself shah. Ismail used Shia Islam to unify the empire. Shah Abbas I ruled over the empire at its peak. He recruited Christian boys for his army. Additionally, due to Shi'ism and trade routes, the empire was in constant conflict with the Ottoman Empire. (Women had access to Islamic rights and were allowed to participate in their society)
1526 CE - 1857 CE
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When India was in disarray, Babur founded a 300-year-old dynasty. He completed conquests, gained land, and centralized power. Akbar, Babur's grandson, led the empire to its peak. Trade flourished due to religious tolerance and a caste system was implemented. The empire was India's leading power and its wealth allowed it to build the Taj Mahal.
1600 CE - 1894 CE
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The Dahomey Kingdom began to grow after they started to sell their captives as slaves to Europeans. The kingdom traded slaves for weapons which made raids easier and created local conflicts. Additionally, due to the raids civilizations prompted to polygamy and new foods were introduced in Europe and the Americas.
1450 CE - 1870 CE
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The trading of African Slaves to the Americas through the Atlantic Ocean. Slaves were used in plantations and colonial households; therefore, they were in constant demand. This trade route led to changes in West African societies and the growth of new monopolies. While the Britsh and other countries abolished the slave trade in 1807, trade continued illegally.
1500 CE - 1700 CE
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After Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas trading of goods between Europe, Africa, and the Americas was extremely common. Goods that were traded included livestock and crops; however, diseases and slaves were also traded. The Columbian exchange also led to ideas being spread. The exchange had positive effects such as the introduction of new animals and foods, and the growth of economies in Europe. On the other hand, it led to forced labor, a population catastrophe, and the spread of disease.
1500 CE - 1800 CE
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When the Spanish came in contact with the Aztecs and Incas, their interest in the Americas was rekindled. The Spanish found silver in these civilizations and ordered the natives to mine it (Incan Mita). After the silver was mined they would trade it with China, this helped improve the Spanish economy.
1503 - 1720
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The Encomienda System was established by the Spanish in order to gain access to resources in the Americas. As the natives worked for the Encomenderos, they would provide them with food and shelter. This type of coercive labor was known for its brutality. Worked similarly to the manorial system.
1519 CE - 1521 CE
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In Mexico, helped by a group oppressed by the Aztecs, Hernan Cortes and his crew from Spain overthrew the Aztecs and established New Spain. They destroyed the Aztecs' capital city and build Mexico city. Additionally, they melted the Aztecs' treasures and sent the gold back to Spain. Aided by smallpox, conquest ended quickly.
1532 CE - 1572 CE
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Francisco Pizarro and his crew from Spain captured Atahualpa, the Incan ruler, and asked for a room filled with gold in exchange. While the Incas complied, Atahualpa was killed anyway. The Spanish settled and began to govern the Incas. Mining was extremely successful yet it led to the deaths of many natives.
1600 CE - 1900 CE
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The grueling journey across the Atlantic to reach the Americas was known as the Middle Passage during this journey, slave traders crammed captives into the cargo section of the ship with little room, food, and water. The trip took about six weeks and around 10 percent of the slaves died before reaching the Americas. While uprisings did occur at sea, most of them failed.
1607 CE
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English colonists traveled about 60 miles inland from the coast to establish a colony by James river in a land called Virginia. Jamestown was originally established to find gold While the Jamestown colony was initially a disaster due to lack of preparedness, it eventually became a success due to the great conditions for growing tobacco.