Pre-hispanic cultures timeline

It is characterized by:
Beginning agricultural practices.
Sedentary life in villages and cities.
First ceremonial centers with pyramid structures and squares.
Polytheistic religion.
Fertility cult.
Start of exchange of ideas and products.
Beginning of mathematical, medical, technical, astronomical, artistic knowledge.

The first civilization of Mesoamerica called "Mother Culture" because they developed cultural characteristics that spread to other pre-Hispanic cultures.

They were called "inhabitants of the country of rubber" because they settled in lagoons and rivers in southern Veracruz and Tabasco.
Monumental monolithic sculptures (large heads), figures carved in jade, mosaic floors and adobes.
Hieroglyphic writing.
Systems development record time.
Polytheistic religion, cult of the elements of nature (the jaguar, sacred animal)
Commercial and cultural exchange with the Maya.
Main cities "La Venta (Tabasco), Los Tuxtlas, Tres Zapotes and San Lorenzo (Veracruz)".

The Cuicuilcas were contemporaries of the Olmecs and are a town much older than Teotihuacan. Cuicuilco is the oldest population in the Valley of Mexico, and one of the largest religious civic centers that have memory, with dozens of pyramids, terraces, squares, streets, temples, and sophisticated hydraulic systems. After the eruption of the "Xitle Volcano in 250 AD, the population dispersed and was integrated into other populations and regions of the Mexican account"

The Zapotec culture means "People of the Clouds" built the city of Monte Alban (Oaxaca Valley). It is a set of pyramids, and platforms that circulate to a huge esplanade where an extraordinary astronomical observatory is found.
The city of Monte Alban reached its greatest splendor and dominated an extensive area towards the Pacific Ocean coast, La Cierra Madre del Sur and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
Knowledge in astronomy, calendar system, the graphical and numerical representation that transmit events from the past to future generations.
Construction: Observatory, ball court, and hydraulic works.
The society was divided into social classes: nobles and priests ruled supported by army leaders, lived within the ceremonial center. The peasants and artisans lived near the farmland.
Politeista Religion and ruled his life around religious rituals (cult of Cosijo, the god of water).

Teotihuacan (City of the Gods), was a major ceremonial and commercial center of Mesoamerica.
It was developed in the Valley of Mexico.
Its ceremonial complex is characterized by the pyramids of the Sun and the Moon and by temples such as the one dedicated to Quetzalcoatl, platforms, and places of residence distributed on the sides of the long "Calzada de Los Muertos"
Teotihuacan controlled the Mayan centers of this period through war and political dominance, but above all through cultural influences and access to a series of natural resources, such as cocoa, which were basic merchandise within commercial networks.
Architectural use of the slope (an inclined wall) and the board (vertical space delimited by cornices).
Domain of commerce (crafts, vessels, bone instruments).
Multiethnic populations from Oaxaca, Veracruz, Michoacan, and Puebla generated an exchange of knowledge and techniques.
Polytheistic religion (Quetzalcoatl cult, called by the Kukulcan Maya)
I influence the Mayan culture).

It is characterized by:
Agricultural practices with advanced hydraulic systems.
Construction of large cities and monumental architecture.
Polytheistic religion.
Strongly stratified theocratic society.
Intensive trade
Consolidation of mathematical, medical, astronomical, technical and artistic knowledge.

It is characterized by:
Commercial and cultural exchange with the Olmecs from the Preclassic and Teotihuacan culture.
The civilization is located in the lowland jungle belonging to the territories of southeastern Mexico, Guatemala and Belize.
Cultural splendor of the Mayan urban centers enjoyed political, economic and social autonomy since they had their own rules and armies.

They settled in tropical forests, coasts and mountainous areas of Yucatan, Campeche, Quintana Roo, Tabasco and Chiapas, as well as Central America.
Cities: Palenque, Bonampak, Tikal, Uxmal, Copan and Chichen Itza.
Use of architectural and engineering techniques (Maya vault).
He stands out in sculpture and mural painting to demonstrate the feats of his governors.
Knowledge in mathematics (vigesimal system and use of zero), heating of 260 days (religious) and 365 days (agricultural), based on the observation of the movement of stars, ideographic writing (glyphs) in stone and codices.
Polytheistic religion: cult Chaac (god of rain) and Kukulcan (feathered serpent).
The Maya created an advanced system of hieroglyphic writing, it was used to record the warlike exploits of their rulers, to count time and also for religious purposes.
The cities of Palenque, Bonampak (Chiapas) and Tikal (Guatemala) stand out.

They are semi-nomadic warrior groups from northern Mexico called Chichimecas.
They founded the city of Tula (Hidalgo) that was characterized by being agricultural and warrior.
Colossal sculpture: Los Atlantes de Tula (warriors).
I culturally influence the towns of the Central Highlands.
They inherit the Teotihuacan culture.
Knowledge of astronomy and medicine. Metallurgy and jewelry. To manage their extensive possessions, the Toltecs created an efficient bureaucracy and the first postal system in the region, employed by messengers.
Tula was after Teotihuacan, the first state to unify culturally large areas of Mesoamerica.
consolidated new trade routes that reached Central America in the south and Sinaloa in the north.
They inherit the Teotihuacan culture.
Knowledge of astronomy and medicine. Metallurgy and jewelry. To manage their extensive possessions, the Toltecs created an efficient bureaucracy and the first postal system in the region, employed by messengers.
Tula was after Teotihuacan, the first state to unify culturally large areas of Mesoamerica.
consolidated new trade routes that reached Central America in the south and Sinaloa in the north.

It influenced the Mayan culture.
Polytheistic religion: it was dominated by two great deities. The first "Quetzalcoatl" is shown as a feathered serpent. This deity of learning, culture, philosophy, fertility, holiness, and goodness was absorbed from previous cultures in the area His rival was Tezcatlipoca; a smoked mirror, known for its warrior and tyrannical nature.
Like everyone else, they had ceremonial centers and ball games.

It is characterized by:
Agricultural practices with advanced hydraulic systems.
Construction of large cities and monumental architecture.
Influence of warrior peoples from the north.
Polytheistic religion.
Strongly stratified military theocratic society.
Intensive trade
Payment of taxes.
Improvement of the technological and scientific advances of the classical period.

According to legend, they come from Aztlan (place of the herons) and was the last town to reach Lake Texcoco.
The city of Mexico-Tenochtitlan was founded in 1325 on an islet of Lake Texcoco.
They founded in 1428 the Triple Alliance with the Lords of Tlacopan (Tacuba) and Texcoco consolidating a great empire in Mesoamerica.
His government was theocratic whose supreme chief was the Tlatoani and the Priests.
They administered the trade routes of Mesoamerica and imposed their hegemony through military force receiving tributes from the subject peoples.
Polytheistic religion (they practiced human sacrifice by taking prisoners during the florid wars).
They developed agricultural techniques such as chinampa and hydraulic works.