19th Century Europe

Established Peers & Deputies.
deputies: elected, but you had to pay 1000 taxes & be over 40 to hold office. 12,000 qualified.
You had to pay 300 francs to vote - 100,000 qualified to vote.

Brief abdication in 1814 because of Napoleon's return

Aided in Bourbon restoration. PM twice; 1815-18, 1820-21.
Helped France pay off indemnities

Louis uncomfortable with this - period of extra-legal vigilanti. A lot of murders to Napoleon's friends, Ney was killed for his treason. Some were official killings, others were not. By late 1816, Louis stops this & new officials (more moderate) are elected. White terror fades out. These people in the chamber were extremely conservative - ultra-royalists

After 100 Days.. Much stricter on Paris than the First Peace

Prime minister & favorite of Louis XVIII. Ultra-royalists didn't like him at all.

Charles Ferdinand. Was the son of Charles X, they assassinated him because they didn't want him to produce an heir & continue the Bourbon line

Fled to Versailles. Violated charter of 1814 given to people by Louis XVIII. He did not understand that anything had changed.

Arch-conservative, émigré, deeply religious (almost mystic)

Dud d'Orléans

Started Three Glorious Days

Three Glorious Days

"If you want to vote - get rich."
Immobilisme
Prime Minister. Leader of conservatives in July Monarchy.
Forced to resign in 1848

Declared Emperor for life in 1851

Wins 3/4ths of vote. Sweeps vote! THEN ABOLISHES PRESIDENCY & ESTABLISHES HIS EMPIRE IN 1851!!!!

Albert de Lamartine

Overthrow July Monarchy. They establish presidential election & write a constitution

Committed suicide in 1822

Prime Minister extremely conservative.
He became known for his repressive measures during this economic unrest

Defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. VERY conservative tory.
But ironically for free trade

Russia crushed Poland

Prime Minister under Frederick William IV
Liberal businessman from the bourgeoisie; appoints likeminded men

Considered a father of German nationalism

Philosopher; proponent of German nationalism

Decided when/how to take military occupation out of France.

Ultimate goal: wanted to establish a single toll system.

Wanted independence from Netherlands. Dutch: protestants & the (commercial traders) country was Catholic & liked protection. There's success and London/Europe created Belgium, but it's supposed to be neutral.

Liberal constitution - Leopold of Sax-Coburg

Holy Roman Emperor (After defeat of 3rd Coalition by Napoleon at Battle of Austerlitz.. 1792-1806
Founded Austrian Empire 1804

Issued by Metternich because he believed that universities were for training loyal citizens. Not producing free-thinkers.
Censorship - outlaws Burschenschaften.
Prince from each state is able to place supervision on each campus to monitor/supervise ideas.
Teachers could be blacklisted if caught teaching revolutionary principles.

Austrian Emperor, President of German Confederation, King of Hungary & Bohemia (as Ferdinand V), abdicated after Revolution of 1848

King of Austria

Defeated at Custoza & Novara, abdicated in favor of his son. Wanted Italian unification

Established my Mazzini
"Risorgimento"

Became first King of Italy