Timeline of Psychology

Greek philosophers are among the first to study ________(relates to psychology).
Plato espoused nativism, which is _.
Aristotle espoused philosophical empiricism, which is ____.

French philosophers attempted to connect the brain to the mind.
Rene Descartes believed in dualism, which is ___. He believed that the mind situates at _.
Franz Joseph Gall believed that the brain and the mind are connected by size. He invented phrenology, which is __.
Marie Jean Pierre Flourens surgically removed parts of the brain from animals and found functional differences between these animals and animals with intact brains: the mind is grounded in a material substance, the brain. His thinking was linked to monism, which is ___.
Paul Broca worked with patients with brain damage and found Broca's area: the mind is grounded in a material substance, the brain. His thinking was also linked to monism.

Physiologists started to apply their research methods in studying the mind, bringing up structuralism:
Hermann von Helmholtz measured the response speed. He proposed that neurological structures underlying human behaviors can be studied separately.
Wilhelm Wundt, Helmholtz's research assistant, analyzed consciousness by breaking it down to ________. His method was called __, in which _______(what subjects should do?). His methodology signified the emergence of structuralism.
Titchener brought structuralism to America from Leipzig, where Wundt did his research.

Functionalism studied mental processes by looking at the functions that they afford:
William James, inspired by Charles Darwin's principles of natural selection, which is ____________, proposed that every human mental process is designed to __________.

Sigmund Freud studied hysteria, a condition in which ______. As a result, he proposed that there exists an unconscious mind, a part of the mind that ___. This led to the development of ___, a theory that ____. The therapy associated with it and developed by Freud was called ___, whose main idea is to ________.

Because Freud viewed human nature as dark (how exactly?) and it was difficult to test his theories, psychologists looked for other ways to view human nature. Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers are the first to promote ______, in which they emphasize ________ of human nature instead of the dark sides.

German psychologist Max Wertheimer studied illusions, in which __________. He proposed that illusion is a result of perceiving the unified whole or ____ in German, leading to the development of _______, an approach emphasizing that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts. Another German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus studied memory by assessing his own abilities in ____________. Aspired by him, a British psychologist, Sir Frederic Bartlett, studied memory for everyday life, and he claimed that memories of the past are heavily influenced by ____________. Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget studied the perceptual and cognitive developments of children. He gained insight into the nature and development of the human mind by examining the errors consistently made by children of different ages.

Behaviorism is a response to early psychological theories, namely, _____, __, and _. These theories focused on the understanding of ______. Behaviorists viewed this methodology as inconsistent and unreliable, and they advocated that psychologists should _____________.

John Broadus Watson believed that private experiences are too _______________ to be studied scientifically, and he proposed that only ____________ can be measured and studied by objective science since they are ______________. 

Burrhus Frederick Skinner (B. F. Skinner) further advanced behaviorism by studying animals, especially _________ in a _______. Based on his findings, he claimed that all human behavior and so-called "free-will" are actually responses to ___________.

Driven by the rise of German Nazism, many German psychologists, influenced by Gestalt psychology mentioned in part 3 "The Pioneers of Cognitive Psychology", immigrated to America to pursue their careers. Aspired by the notion "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" and intrigued by the complexities of group relationship, politics, and social behaviors, these psychologists, including Solomon Asch and Kurt Lewin, started to conduct experiments to test social theories. Social psychology, a study of ___________, began to draw an increasing level of attention following a few historical events. For example, Solomon Asch and Stanley Milgram (run a Google search on him and his notorious yet milestone Shock experiment) attempted to explain the Holocaust and received an unprecedented amount of attention for social psychology. Meanwhile, the civil rights movement and the rising tensions between African Americans and White Americans led psychologists such as Gordon Allport to study _____________ and to shock the world of psychology by suggesting that prejudice was the result of a perceptual error that was as natural and unavoidable as an optical illusion. Cultural psychology, the study of ________, was driven by the White's realization that most people on Earth do not belong to their culture, thus having entirely different thinking, social practices, customs, and ways of living. There are still contentious debates on how cultures affect human behavior. Absolutism claims that ____________ while relativism holds that ___________________. The results of research in this aspect indicate that the reality may situate between the two extremes ― most psychological phenomena can be influenced by culture, some are completely determined by it, and others seem to be entirely unaffected.

Despite the early efforts made by cognitive pioneers, cognitive psychology has been ignored by the majority of psychologists until 1950s because behaviorism was under the spotlight. However, cognitive psychology, the study of ________________, returned as a response to the need of the WW II and a natural result to the understanding of registering, storing, and retrieving information after computers have been invented. British psychologist Donald Broadbent studied what happens when people try to pay attention to several things at once. He found that the limited capacity to ________ is fundamental to human cognition. American psychologist George Miller found out that this limited capacity is consistent across human and situations, being ____________ pieces of information.Noam Chomsky pointed out that even young children generate sentences they have never heard before, and therefore could not possibly be learning language by _________. This critique of Skinner’s theory signaled the end of behaviorism’s dominance in psychology and helped spark the development of cognitive psychology.

Cognitive psychologists studied the mind by drawing analogies to the computers. The way cognitive psychologists theorize about mental processes is similar to designing software in a computer. What about the hardware ― the brain itself? The study of the brain that underlies every human behavior is ________. However, this area of study did not prosper until the late 1980s when the invention of ____________ made it possible for psychologists to study the biological processes inside the human brain.