The Supreme Court ruled that separate but equal facilities were constitutional. Although still segregated, this allowed for equal quality for both African American and white people. This law came after Homer Plessy was arrested and put in jail for sitting in a train car that was labeled for whites. The law challenges the 13th and 14th Amendment in the U.S. Constitution. The effects of the law allowed for everyone to have equal quality facilities such as bathrooms, restaurants, etc.

Thurgood Marshall, a lawyer for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), fought segregation in education as it went against the 14th Amendment. This movement started in Topeka, Kansas where students were segregated solely on the color of their skin. The quality was equal by having nice facilities and good teachers but Marshall felt that is not equal education because of the segregation. When taken to the Supreme Court, Judge Erin Warren was able to receive an anonymous vote after many re-votes. There were experiments conducted with dolls to focus on the effects of segregation rather than just the separation of the children.

Information gathered from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1siiQelPHbQ

Ten years after Brown vs Board, the Civil Rights Act was passed. This act eliminated segregation in all public places. This act also banned all discrimination based on gender, race, and religion. African Americans or whites could no longer be turned away for service or goods. Places such as restaurants, bathrooms, sporting events, etc. could no longer segregate people by the color of their skin. John F. Kennedy started the proposal for the act and was successfully signed into law by Lyndon B. Johnson. The Civil Rights Act opened the door for many acts to follow to continue to work for a diverse and equal society.

Information received from the following article:
https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-act

Title IX prevents individuals from being discriminated against based on their gender during educational activities or programs that receive federal funding. With Title IX in place, females have the same access and right to education, athletics, and employment as males.

In 1982, the Supreme Court ruled that no state could not constitutionally deny free public education for any child based on their immigration status. Plyler v. Doe also protects those children with little or lack of documentation. Many states such as Illinois, Alabama, and California have passed unofficial policies that violate the act.

Information received from:
https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/plyler-v-doe-public-education-immigrant-students

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) was passed in order to give students the support needed for learning in order to be successful in the classroom. The IDEA requires public schools provide individualized support and instruction for students with disabilities from birth to age 21. The law requires educators to create and follow an individualized education program (IEP). This document describes achievement, goals, and what support the student will receive in order to meet the learning goals. With this act, students with disabilities can receive the same education with the support they need in order to be successful.

Information received from the following video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3XMndYNEGFA

In 2002, No Child Left Behind was in place during George W. Bush's presidency term and gave the federal government power in education. The Every Student Succeeds Act or ESSA passed in 2015 by Barack Obama, gives states and districts more power to make decisions about education. ESSA states that school districts must choose a set of standards that prepare all students for college or a career. ESSA cannot determine which standards the states choose. States are able to make decisions based on what works best for their districts and schools. This act also helps encourage and mandate students' preparation for higher education or a career.

Information found from the following video:
https://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2015/12/07/the-every-student-succeeds-act-explained.html