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Use Cases
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This is a companion website for the Social Studies Grade 9 Student Book
This is a companion website for the Social Studies Grade 9 Student Book
570 CE - 632 CE
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Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) was born in Mecca in 570 or 571 CE. He belonged to the Quraysh tribe and a family of merchants. He was highly respected for his good moral character and honesty. In the year 610 CE, Muhammad received the first revelations of the Holy Quran that continued through his life. He preached the new message of Islam as the religion that is faithful to Allah as the one and only God to the faithful in Mecca. Faced with persecution he was forced to flee to the city of Medina in 622 CE. This event is called the Hijrah and marks the first year of the Islamic calendar (1 AH or after Hegira). As the Messenger of Allah, Prophet Muhammad provided the highest moral standing and set forth the principles of Islam as a world religion for the 'ummah or community of the faithful. He died in 632 CE (11 AH) in Medina. Upon his death, Abu Bakr assumed leadership of the Muslim community as the first caliph (pp 10-11 textbook)
622 CE
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The Muslim calendar begins in the common year 622 CE, when Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) made his Hijra or departure from Mecca to Medina. The years in the Islamic calendar are given the designation AH (for After Hijra). In this text we use the designation CE for common era to refer to the international standard dating system for years. (CE replaces an older dating designation called AD, which was Latin for Anno Domino, Year of of our Lord). For years before the year 1, we use BCE, meaning Before Common Era). The Islamic calendar is based on the tradition of counting the 12 lunar months that have 354 or 355 days a year. Here is a website you can use to convert Islamic Calendar years into or from Common Era dates.
http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/hijri.htm
632 CE
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Between 630-632 CE (8-11 AH) Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) sent Muslims to preach Islam in the region of Oman and the Gulf. The historians Al-Balathuri and At-Tabari both record details of the arrival of 'Amr bin al-'As who preached Islam to Gaifar and 'Amr al-Julanda, both sons of the Julanda dynasty who ruled along parts of the coast. Both men converted and Islam spread among the people.
632 CE - 1500 CE
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632 CE - 660 CE
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Following the death of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in 632 CE, Abu Bakr was chosen to be the first Caliph ( Khalifa ), or successor. He ruled until his death in 634, during which time rebellious tribes were defeated in the Rida Wars, or civil wars, and the Arabian Peninsula was united under Islam.
After Abu Bakr's death in 636, the Muslim community was ruled by Caliph Omar (ruled 636-644), Caliph Uthman (ruled 644-656) and by Ali (ruled 656-660). During their reign, Islam and Muslim civilization spread to Egypt, Libya, as well as parts of Eastern Africa. Islam expanded and Muslim cities were established in Syria, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asia.
These first four Caliphs are referred to as the Rashiddun Caliphs (the word Rashiddun means: the rightly guided ones)
In 660 CE Muawiyah was proclaimed the new ruler and established a new capital at Damascus in Syria. This began the Umayyad Dynasty.
650 CE
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The Archnet Timeline Database is a visual tool to explore the history of Islamic art, architecture and culture. It allows searches by various dynasties, including the Umayyad, the Abbasid, and so forth. https://archnet.org/timelines/48
691 CE
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This virtual tour of the Dome of the Rock and the Haram as-Sharif is narrated by Professor Oleg Grabar https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200901/al-haram/tour.htm
750 CE
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The Museum with No Frontiers offers resources and links to virtual exhibits of Islamic art and architecture http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/exhibitions/ISL/
750 CE
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Muslim Heritage is an online reference website with links to major persons, events and inventions in Islamic culture, science and history. http://www.muslimheritage.com/science
785 CE - 952 CE
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One of the most famous and grandest of mosques in Islamic history, the Cordoba Mosque was begun around the year 785 CE in the Muslim city of Cordoba in Spain (known as Al-Andalus in Arabic, or Andalusia in Spanish).
Go to this Archnet website for images and descriptions of the mosque. https://archnet.org/sites/2715
800 CE
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1001 Inventions uncovers a thousand years of scientific and cultural achievements from Muslim Civilisation from the 7th century onwards, and how those contributions helped create the foundations of our modern world.
http://www.1001inventions.com/1001inventions
1254 - 1396
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One of the great travelers in world history, Marco Polo came from a merchant family in Venice with commercial interests and ties to the East and Central Asia.
The map below compares the routes of Marco Polo’s travels (shown in light blue lines) with that of two other nearly contemporaneous travelers, the Moroccan judge Ibn Battuta (shown in red lines) who also went to China, and the great 15th century Chinese Muslim Admiral Zhen Hui, (shown in yellow lines) whose massive commercial fleets roamed the Indian Ocean and made contact with the Red Sea and the African coastal port towns.
See the comparative map of their travels
http://content.time.com/time/interactive/0,31813,2084413,00.html
1299 CE - 1922 CE
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The Ottoman Empire arose from a Turkic speaking dynasty from Anatolia and Central Asia that rose to power in these regions following the end of the Crusades period and the impact of the Mongol Invasions and the Black Death or Plague that raged through Western Asia, Europe and North Africa through the 1340s. By 1452 the Ottomans had conquered the Byzantine Empire and its capital at Constantinople and renamed it as Istanbul. They soon consolidated their holdings and expanded their empire from the area of modern Turkey, into Syria, Iraq, and Palestine, and parts of the Arabian coast. They also expanded into the Balkans of Eastern Europe, across North Africa and into the Arabian Peninsula as far as Yemen.
The Ottoman Empire achieved great innovations in technical areas of science, medicine, navigation, engineering and architecture and the arts. Go through the Archnet database website link below to explore examples of its architecture.
See link below or an interactive tour of the Suleimaniye Complex in Istanbul to study how highly developed institutions of learning were associated around grand scaled mosque and garden complexes with nearby hospitals and hospices and soup kitchens for visitiors. https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200605/suleymaniye/default.htm
The Ottoman Empire successfully ruled until 1922 when after World War I, the Empire was broken into modern secular states and different political divisions, some of which were controlled by British and French mandates over Syria, Palestine and Iraq.
1371 CE - 1435 CE
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The Chinese Voyages of the Ming Dynasty
A comparison of Arab and Chinese narratives of their respective explorations and commercial use of the Indian Ocean system in the 15th century suggests how the system was evolving and the relative amount of state support or lack of it. For the Chinese mercantile voyages of the period of Zheng He (1371-1433), the great admiral and explorer of Ming China, it seems there was direct or subsidized state support for the enormous cost of his large fleets (Klinje, 2014) (Huan, 1970). Zheng He and many other seaman in his fleet of ships were Muslims and on one of his voyages he sailed up the Red Sea and made a pilgrimage to Mecca.
1490 CE
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Ahmed ibn Majid (or Ahmed bin Majid) was among the world's great navigators and explorers. We believe he was born in Julfar (now called Ras al-Khaimeh) in the 1430s his book Kitab al-Fawa’id fi Usul ‘Ilm al-Bahr wa ’l-Qawa’id (Book of the Benefits and Principles of Navigation), written around 1490. In the excerpt shown below is a side-by-side Arabic and English translation of a section in which he describes the oceans and seas surrounding the Arabian Peninsula.
http://historyofarabs.blogspot.com/p/week-5-ibn-majid-describes-known-world.html