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Juana Paso Viola-Luana Scopp
Juana Paso Viola-Luana Scopp
1835
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Flora Célestine Thérése Henriette Tristan and Moscoso Lesnais was born on April 7, 1803 in Paris, France. She was a philosopher and writer involved in topics such as feminism, socialism, pacifism and anti-slavery.
She was the daughter of Peruvian aristocrat Mariano Tristan Moscoso and Therese Laine. Her father died when Flora was four year old, and the French state didn't recognize the marriage of her parents, so the property and rights of the widow and her children were denied to them.
Flora began working as a worker in a lithography workshop and then married the owner, André Chazal and had three children. In 1826 she decided to divorce and start a legal battle for the custody of her children.
In 1833, she traveled to Peru to recover some of her inheritance, but only managed to get an annual pension sent to her. She started writing and in 1835 published her first text called "The Situation of Poor Foreign Women in France", at that time she became a declared defender of the rights and freedoms of the working class and of women.
In 1838, back in France, Flora gained custody of her children and because of that her ex-husband shoots her in the street leaving her badly hurt. Chazal is put on trial for attempted murder, and attempted to rape his daughter Aline; he is finally sentenced to 20 years of forced labor.
She dies at 41 years old, due to typhus, while promoting her revolutionary ideas in the interior of France.
1903
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Emmeline Pankhurst Goulden was born on July 15, 1858, in Manchester, United Kingdom. She was a political activist and leader of the suffrage movement. In 1999, Time magazine named Pankhurst one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century.
Her parents were politically active and Pankhurst was introduced to the women's suffrage movement at age of 14.
She attended the University in Paris, there she met her husband Richard Pankhurst, a lawyer 20 years older than she who supported the suffrage movement, with him she had her 5 children. Together they founded the Women's Franchise League, which advocated suffrage for both married and single women, but quickly fell apart.
Five years after her husband's death, in 1903 she founded the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) in connection with the independent Labour Party. In one of her speeches, she said "Facts, not words" that ended up becoming the motto of the movement.
The members were known by the name of suffragettes, they made their message known by painting large buildings, fires in shops and public establishments or attacks on the private homes of members of the Government and Parliament. Emmeline, her daughters, and several women belonging to the suffragette movement were often arrested, imprisoned and mistreated by the police.
After the defeats of the Liberal party in the 1910 elections, a Conciliation Committee for the Suffrage of Women was organized. The project failed, prompting Pankhurst to lead a protest march with more than 300 women heading to Parliament Square on 18 November. In March 1912 a second bill was rejected.
In November 1917 the WPSU became the Women's Party. A few months later, women's suffrage was approved for women over 30
On June 14, 1928, at the age of 69, Emmeline passed away due to health problems. On July 21, the government extended the right to vote to all women, both married and single, over 21 years of age.
1903
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Maria Salomea Sklodowska was born in Warsaw, Poland on November 7, 1867. She's known for being the first woman to receive the Nobel Prize and for being the first woman professor at the Sorbonne University in Paris.
Marie's parents were math and physics teachers and she was the youngest of five siblings.
After studying basics, Curie was unable to enter a Polish university institution just because she was a woman. So she began to teach private lessons, until in 1891 she managed to raise enough money to go to study in Paris, was one of only 30 women to attend the Paris University.
In 1893 she graduated in Physics, being number one of her promotion and a year later she obtained his second degree. At that time she met Pierre Curie, who she fell deeply in love and began her scientific career with him.
In 1898 they announced the discovery of new elements: radium and polonium. Only three years later were they able to demonstrate what they found. In 1903 she got her doctorate and received the Nobel Prize in Physics together with her husband and the physicist Henri Becquerel, becoming the first woman to win this award.
During the following years, she dedicated herself to working as a professor at the University, take care of her daughters and doing researches of the radio.
She soon discovered that radiation therapy could be a treatment for cancer. This led Marie Curie to win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911
Marie Curie died in Passy, France on July 4 of 1934 due to aplastic anemia
1913
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Her real name was Cecily Isabel Fairfield was born in England, she was a 20th-century writer, journalist, critic and feminist.
Her mother was a Scottish pianist and her father an Irish journalist who abandoned her, her mother and her two sisters in the early 1900s.
Rebecca West studied at Georges Watson Ladies College in Edinburghand and at the age of 18 began writing in The Freewoman magazine, related to women's suffrage.
In 1911 she decided to change her name to Rebecca West, character of Henrik Ibsen's play "The House of Rosmer''. In 1912, she was already recognized as a narrator, literary critic and political analyst.
In his following years she published books such as: The Return of the Soldier (1918), The Judge (1922), Harriet Hume (1929), The Cane He Thinks (1936), the Autobiographical The Overflowing Fountain (1957) and The Birds Fall (1966).
Today she is known for the phrase she said in 1913. “I myself have never been able to find out precisely what feminism is: I only know that people call me a feminist whenever I express sentiments that differentiate me from a doormat".
Rebecca West died at age 90 in 1983.
1919
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Alfonsina Storni was born on May 29, 1892 in Capriasca, Switzerland. She was an Argentine poet and writer linked to modern feminism.
Alfonsina, along with her father and mother, moved to San Juan, Argentina when she was only 4 years old. There they founded a small family beer company. In 1901, the family moved again to the city of Rosario.
After a few years of traveling through the interior of the country as an actress together with Manuel Cordero's company, she decided to return to Rosario and start studying the career of rural teacher in Coronda, she was accepted for her ability, since she did not have a certificate of studies primary schools and did not pass the entrance exam, there she receives her professional title. She got a teaching position and at the same time began to publish her poems in the literary magazines "Mundo Rosarino" and "Monos y Monadas".
In 1911 she decided to move to Buenos Aires and stayed in a pension until the following year. On April 21, 1912, his son Alejandro was born, without a known father.
In 1916 she began to publish her poems, still without being a permanent collaborator. That same year she published “La inquietud del rosal”, a book of poetry in which she expressed her wishes as a woman and described her condition as a single mother. The book did not have a good acceptance since at that time it was considered an "immoral author"
In 1919 she began to write in the magazine "La Nota" and later in the newspaper "La Nación", in which she wrote about women, the female vote, how women who do not want to marry are judged and what place they are women in society deserve: «The day will come when women dare to reveal their interior; this day the morale will suffer a turnaround; customs will change »
Over the years she began to publish more books, such as "Irremediably" (1919), "Languidez" (1920), "Ocher" (1920), "World of seven wells" (1934) and "Mask and clover" ( 1938).
Alfonsina had been diagnosed with breast cancer, so in October 1938 she decided to go on a trip to Mar del Plata with her 26-year-old son. At dawn on October 25, after writing a letter to her son, Alfonsina left her hotel room and went to the beach. The next day two workers find her body, the cause of death is suicide by drowning.
1920
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Alicia Moreau de Justo was born on October 11, 1885 in London, United Kingdom, but at the age of 5 she began to reside in Argentina. She was a doctor and politician, a leading figure in feminism and socialism.
In 1890 Alicia and her family emigrated to Argentina and settled in Sansinena. After a few years, her father joined the socialist groups that began to emerge at that time in order to organize the Argentine labor movement, and Alicia accompanied him to all their meetings.
In 1906 at the age of 21, during the celebration of the International Congress of Free Thought, she founded the Feminist Movement, where she presented a report entitled Education and Revolution.In 1907, she entered the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Buenos Aires, being one of the only 6 women who enrolled for the first time to study medicine in Argentina. Over time, she managed to set up a gynecological clinic where she treated low-income women and prostitutes for free.
In 1914, she was received as a doctor with her thesis "The endocrine function of the ovary" becoming one of the first Latin American doctors specialized in female diseases.
In 1920, she was one of the founders of the National Feminist Union (UFN), her political action was decisive in supporting the enactment of many important laws for the recognition of women's rights and protection of female labor, as well as for the defense of the single mother.
A few years later, she joined the Socialist Party, shortly before marrying the politician Juan B. Justo, with whom she had three children.
In 1932, she drew up a women's suffrage bill presented by the socialist deputy Mario Bravo. It obtained the approval of the deputies, but nevertheless the project was rejected by the conservative senators.
Through Law 13.010, on September 9, 1947, Political Rights were granted to Argentine and foreign women residing in the country for the right to vote and to be democratically elected for political office. When Argentine women were able to participate for the first time in 1951, Moreau was elected along with others to join the list of candidates for National Socialist deputies, but she was detained within the framework of the political prohibition carried out by Perón and she could not vote.
Alicia passed away at the age of 100, on May 12, 1986 due to hemiplegia.
1936
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Ramona Victoria Epifanía Rufina Ocampo was born on April 7, 1890 in Beccar, Buenos Aires. She was a writer, intellectual, translator, editor, and philanthropist.
Victoria belonged to an aristocratic family, lived with her father, mother and 5 sisters, from a young age she received the best private education in literature, history, mathematics, etc.
Throughout her life she traveled a lot with her family to France, so at the age of 9 she began to write her first texts in French. In 1908, when she and her family moved to Europe, she began studying literature at the Sorbonne University.
The following year, Victoria married Luis Bernardo Estrada, a member of a conservative Catholic family. Victoria had doubts about the marriage, since she believed that her husband demanded absolute dependence from her. They separated shortly after and only showed themselves together in social gatherings, until in 1922 they finally separated. Victoria Ocampo did not have children or remarried.
In 1920 she published her first article in the newspaper La Nación entitled "Babel." Later she published "From Francesca to Beatrice" (1924), "The Water Lily Lagoon" (1926), "Sundays in Hyde Park" (1936), etc.
In 1936 she published her essay "The woman and her expression", reflecting on the marginalization of women in the patriarchal context and the relationship with modern culture.
In March of that year she founded, along with other feminists, the Argentine Union of Women, at the same time that the Spanish Civil War was taking place.
At this time, a law proposal was initiated, establishing that married women did not enjoy the civil rights that had been granted to them in 1926, preventing them from having their person or their property and would depend for everything on the male gender. The purpose of the Argentine Union of Women was to prevent the enactment of this law through the force of pressure exerted by women of all social classes. Ocampo was elected president of the UAM.
Finally, the reform project was annulled, after Victoria gave a speech on Women and their expression in order to promote solidarity among women around the world. In 1938, she resigned as president of the UMA upon discovering that some communist members were using the organization for their own benefit.
Since 1958 she presided over the National Endowment for the Arts. In 1962 she obtained the "Officier de La Légion d'Honneur" and "Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres" decorations from the French government, and the distinction of "Commander of the Order of the British Empire" awarded by the Queen. Elizabeth of England. In 1967 she was made an honorary doctorate from Harvard University.
In 1976 she was appointed a member of the Academia Argentina de Letras, becoming the first woman to occupy that position.
Victoria Ocampo died in Buenos Aires on January 27, 1979 due to laryngeal cancer.
1949
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María Eva Duarte (Evita Perón) was born in Los Toldos, Buenos Aires province, on May 7, 1919. She was an Argentine politician and actress, first lady of the Argentine Nation between 1945 and 1952 and president of the Peronist Feminine Party and of the Eva Perón Foundation.
She used to live with her mother, father, and four siblings, but her father passed away when Evita was 7 years old. At that time, they moved to the city of Junín, where Eva stayed until 1935.
At 15 years old, without resources or education, she decides to move to Buenos Aires seeking to become an actress. She manages to land multiple roles, appear on magazine covers, and headline a radio show.
In January 1944, Eva met Colonel Juan Domingo Perón at a festival that the artistic community held for the benefit of the victims of an earthquake that had destroyed the city of San Juan. Two years later they got married.
On February 8, 1946, the Argentine University Center, the Argentine Women's Crusade, and the General Student Secretariat organized an event at the Luna Park stadium to demonstrate the support of women for the candidacy of Juan Domingo Perón. It was the first time that Eva Perón would speak in a political event, but many of the people who were in the audience demanded the presence of Juan Domingo Perón and prevented Evita from giving her speech
In February 1946, after an electoral campaign that relied heavily on the presence of Evita, Perón was elected president of Argentina. This was considered strange since at that time women lacked political rights and the candidates' wives had a very restricted and apolitical public presence.
Little by little Eva was showing more autonomous participation in politics, which is why she became known as “the Argentine woman”.
On February 27, 1946, three days after the elections in which Perón was re-elected, she delivered her first political speech thanking women for their support of Perón's candidacy and demanding equal rights for men and women, in particular women's suffrage. The women's suffrage bill was introduced on May 1. Evita constantly pressured parliamentarians to approve it, even causing protests from them.
The Senate gave half sanction to the project on August 21 of 1946, and on September 9, 1947, Law 13,010, establishing equal political rights between men and women and universal suffrage in Argentina was approved. At the Plaza de Mayo ceremony on September 23, Evita gave a speech entitled "Women of my country".
In 1949 Eva Perón founded the Feminine Peronist Party (PPF), directed exclusively by women, totally autonomous within the movement, and organized from basic feminine units that were opened in neighborhoods, towns and unions.
A few years later, Evita was ill with cancer, in 1951 the elections were held, and she voted from the hospital where she was admitted. This was the first time that Argentine women could vote and be voted. The Peronist Feminine Party managed to elect 23 deputies, 3 delegates from national territories and 6 senators and 80 provincial legislators.
Maria Eva Duarte Perón passed away on July 26, 1952 at the age of 33 due to cervical cancer.
1949
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Simone de Beauvoir was born in Paris in 1908, was a French thinker and novelist, representative of the atheist existentialist movement and the rights of women.
She was born into a highly religious bourgeois family, from a young age she and her sister attended Catholic schools. In her teens she rebelled against her family by declaring herself atheist and considering religion to be a way of subduing the human being.
In 1925 she began her studies at the Catholic Institute of Paris where she completed her training in mathematics, while expanding her literary training at the Sainte-Marie Institute in Neuilly. In 1926, she devoted herself to studying philosophy and obtained in June of 1927 her certificate of general philosophy. After these recognitions she ended up graduating in letters, specializing in philosophy and certifications in ethics and psychology. Until 1943 she dedicated herself to being a teacher at the high schools of Marseille, Rouen and Paris.
That same year she published her first novel "The Guest "(1943), which was followed by "Blood of the Others" (1944) and the essay "Pyrrhus and Cineas" (1944). In 1949, she published The Second Sex, a classic work of contemporary feminist thought, analyzing the social condition of women and the characteristics of male oppression from the point of view of biology, psychoanalysis and Marxism.
Later, Simone de Beauvoir founded, along with some other feminists, the League for Women's Rights, which set out to react strongly to any sexist discrimination.
Simone de Beauvoir passed away at the age of 78 in 1986 from pneumonia.