Untitled timeline

reasons for the spread of Christianity:
1. Individual conviction in one beliefs had grown during the Roman persecution period
2. The efficiency and organization of the early church administration
3. doctrines that stress on equality and immortality
4. Constantine conversion
5. establishment of supremacy of the pope

Byzantine accomplishment:
1. Greek language and cultural accomplishments preserved
2. Center of the world trade and exchange culture
3. codification of Roman law ( justinian code)
4. eastern orthodox church
5. New focus for art

The spread of islam started in 7 century

The Muslim empire was ruled by caliphs
Muslim conquered much of Byzantine and Persian empires, including North Africa and Spain

Muslim empire divided:
The Abbasids overthrew Ummayads - the capital moved to Baghdad

The Ottoman Empire expanded territory, Constantinople was the center

Charles Martel halted( stop) the Muslim advance into Europe

Franks become the dominant Germanic tribe

Crowned as the Emperor of the Romans
Revive the concept of Holy Roman Empire and establish ober secular rulers

Divided Charlemagne's empire among his three grandson

The Holy Roman Empire during the late Middle Ages
1. The pope was dominant in religious matters and the monarch in secular matters
2. a continuing power struggle evolved between the papacy and the secular rule

Society was based on strict class divisio: clergy and nobility were the privileged class , peasants and artisants were the work force, and serfs were tied to land

The Middle Ages were the transition between ancient and modern Europe

The decline of feudalism and the rise of manoralism

limited the power of the King

Between England and France resulted in English being driven

The House of Lords( titled nobility) and the House of Commons( gentry and middle class) composed parliament

General characteristics:
The emphasis was on man rather than on God
There was a reawakening of rebirth of classical models
The ideal of the "universal man" was widely held

Emphasis on Humanism
secularism: writings of the Greek and Roman and commentaries on their works
free politics and governance from Church control
realism and formalism:
art that emphasize the lives of everyday iife, realistic rather than idealized

The secularism created tension between princely kingdom and the authority of the church, that led to the rift of the Church, the rise of Protestant Faith and more than a century religious warfare

Reasons for reformation:
1. dissatisfaction with church ritual
2. human emphasized man's needs and concerns
3. the printing press allowed mass communication

Martin Luther( 1483-1546) questioning the right of the pope to grant indulgences
Luther's ninety five theses

Calvinism made Protestantism an international movement
it became anti-catholic movement

The beginning of English Reformation

The King become the head of the church
the pope's refusal to annul the marriage of Henry VII to Catherine Aragon initiated the break

Define doctrines of Catholicism and reinforced papal authority

Society of jesus became the official response to the reformation
Jesuits also initiated missionary and educational endeavors