Timeline Period 4 By: Patrick R. Groleau

The Safavid was a "Gunpowder Empire" that last from 1501-1736 in modern day Iran. It was formed as a Shi'a government after a rebellion from the Ottomans. The Safavids worked as a middle along the silk road, trading European and Indian goods. They laid the foundation for Shi'a Islam in Iran and were patrons of Fine Arts and Architecture.

John Calvin was a Protestant reformer and the starter of the Calvinist religion in France, and Switzerland. Calvinists afraid their religion would be persecuted formed the rebellion which started the Thirty Years War, which eventually led to the Seven Years War which established England and France as world powers.

Starting in 1519 Hernan Cortes started his conquest of Mexico. Cortes used the superior technology and the help of local tribes to take over Tenochtitlan and defeat Montezuma. With the destruction of the Aztecs led to the Spanish taking over Mexico, which they would control several hundred years past.

Suleyman the Magnificent was a Ottoman Sultan who saw his Dynasty through its golden age. He created a strong agricultural base in his empire and expanded his territory through many Muslim cities, and the Balkan region as well. He reformed agriculture and law within his Dynasty, as well as promoted culture in his Dynasty.

The Mughal Dynasty was founded by Babur in 1526. It was India's "Gundpowder Empire", stretching across almost all of India. Animosity between the Hindus and Muslims was exacerbated during the latter years of the Mughal Empire continue to this day. Even with this animosity the Mughals were one of India's greatest empires, creating the Taj Mahal, and a vast empire.

The Society of Jesus was founded September 27th, 1540 as a counter Reformation group. The were a group of missionaries that spread the teachings of Jesus. They traveled very far, even to China, where they could spread ideas, and new technologies, including European guns.

The Council of Trent formed in answer to the Protestant Reformation. It addressed many of complaints people had at the time of the Catholic Church. It was a significant time in European history because the Catholics were trying to fix the corruption in Europe. They ended the sale of indulgences, but still did not let anyone read the Bible.

Akbar the Great was a Mughal emperor. He stressed religious tolerance. He ruled with absolute rule, yet he spent his time debating government and religion in his palace. Akbar is the man that made the Mughal Dynasty what it is today.

Galileo was an Italian scientist from the 16-17th centuries. He created the telescope and more importantly the scientific method which forms the basis of modern science today. His ideas went against the church and his Copernican model of the universe left him in house arrest until the day he died.

Emperor Wanli was the longest reigning and final Emperor of the Ming Dynasty. His rule was plagued with corruption, economic and military problems. During his reign Manchurians were already planning and when he died the Qing Dynasty was formed.

The Spanish Armada was a fleet of ships sent to attack Britain in the late 16th century. The Armada reached England where is was attacked losing many ships. The Armada retreated around Ireland and Scotland, where it was barraged by storms. In the end 50 out of 130 ships never made it back to Spain and the attack was a flop.

The Tokugawa Shogunate arose from a civil war in Japan at the end of the 16th century. The Shogunate was ruled by a military ruler called a Shogun and was extremely centralized, ruled out of its capital of Edo. During this time Japan closed its borders to most foreigners until Commodore Perry arrived 1854

The Thirty Years' War started in 1618 and fought for the religious and politcal scape of Europe. After a series of Protestant rebellions were quelled, the Hapsburgs of Germany soon grew very powerful. They took on attacks from all over Europe and were finally defeated by France. The War ended with the Peace of Westphalia which set France up as the strongest power in Europe at the time.

John Locke was a British philosopher who created the idea of the natural rights: Life, Liberty and Property. His ideas created the foundation of what would be the American Revolution and American Constitution.

The Qing Dynasty was created after the fall of the Ming Dynasty and was the final Dynasty in the Dynastic Cycle. During the Qing Manchurian Emperors took over territory from Manchuria, to Taiwan, to just north of Vietnam. The Qing Dynasty created many new agricultural practices, as well as stressed the importance of Confucianism in China.

The Peace of Westphalia was a treaty which ended the Thirty Years War. It greatly weakened Hapsburg Germany and set France as the world power. The Peace of Westphalia protected the Protestant religion, and also paved way for the Seven Years War.

The Seven Years' War was a war involving all the Powers of Europe. It led to losing of French power and land to the British and the Spanish and also strengthened the 13 colonies because it got rid of its competitors to the north and south. The taxation of the British after the Seven Years' War set the stage for the American Revolution.

On January 26th, 1788 736 prisoners were sent to the Britain's first penal colony Botany Bay. Not only did this solve Britain's crime problem, but it also set the foundations for the Country/Continent of Australia that is known today.

On March 25, 1807 the slave trade ended in Britain. The slave trade was begging to seem both immoral and non-economical. This is one of the earliest ending of the slave trade and it paved way for other nations to follow in suit.