American History

Catholics v. Protestants, revolt against pope

Metacom, unites native Americans against English
English win

Nathan Bacon starts rebellion against Berkley in Virginia
cause: class distinctions, no protection against Native Americans
Successful, burn Jamestown ... then Bacon dies

Protestants v. Catholics
Protestants win, remove act of Toleration and Catholic right to vote

James II overthrown, replaced by William an Mary... NY+NJ went back to normal

tried to capture Quebec, FAILED

Goal: capture Quebec
Accomplished: gained Nova Scotia and trading rights with Spain
England becomes a super power

Georgia: James Oglethorpe defeat Spanish attackers
New England: Colonist captured Louisbourg -- B. gave it back (colonists mad)

Started In COLONIES
1. French: built chain of forts on Ohio River Valley
2. Government of Virginia: sent George Washington to fight french and N. Am. helpers --- Washington WINS
3. Gen. Edward Braddock: defeat
4. William Pitt (New B. Prime Minister):
a. retook Louisbourg
b. sent James Wolf, captured Quebec
c. took Montreal
4. then Peace of Paris 1763

Lead by Chief Pontiac - angry at westward expansion
ravaged NY-> Virginia
B. sent troops

Colonist harassed B. guards - 5 killed (afam Crispus Attucks)
John Adams defended B.
Sam Adams called it a massacre

B. ship that caught smugglers ran aground in RI
colonist disguised as Indians set fire to the ship

Bostonians dumped chests of tea into the harbor in response to the Tea Act

*2 months after Lexington and Concord
Militia v. British
@ Breed's hill
British win, and take hill, still 1,000 B. casualties

-General Thomas Gage (British): tries to steal colonist military supplies
-Paul Revere and William Dawes: warn Bostonians
-Minutemen (colonists) prepare.. B. attack and are able to destroy supplies
-B. on way back, Minute men defeat B.

American Victory in New York:
British Gen John Burgoyne came down from Canada to link with other forces, to cut off New England from other colonies
- attacked by Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold -
Louis XVI (16) and FRENCH JOIN WAR!!! 1778

last major battle - on shores of chesapeak bay
supported by French Navy
Washington's army forced Britain to surrender

Massachusetts farmer Daniel Shay
lead rebellion against taxes, debt imprisonment and lack of paper money
accomplished: stopped tax collectors, and debt courts
Mass Militia eventually broke it up

Washington declared American neutrality
-Jefferson resigns from Cabinet-

Farmers couldn't pay whiskey tax, attacked collectors
- Washington sent 15,000 militia men -no bloodshed-

Under John Adams
Mostly at sea-
AM merchants had cannons
AM navy attacked and captured French ships
Ended with CONVENTION OF 1800 - neutrality and renunciation of claims against France

John Fries lead Penn. rebellion
against war tax
Rebellion suppressed

1st major foreign problem
N. Africa pirates
before solved by paying Barbary government
BUT Tripoli wanted more $$
Jefferson sent US Navy - no winner - but more respect

British ship "Leopard" fires on US "Chesapeake"
- 3 AM killed
Jefferson responded in diplomacy with Embargo Act

Gen. William Henry Harrison destroyed N.AM headquarters and ended N.AM efforts for confederacy
B. thought to be giving aid to Tecumseh

America v. Britain
3 part invasion of Canada:
1. Detroit.. 2.Niagara.. 3. Lake Champlain ->Repulsed (AM fail)
Navy"
1. Constitution (ship) defeated B. ship @ Nova Scotia
2. pirate style attacks from americans
3. B. Navy blockades US coast
4. Lake Erie (1813) Cpt. Oliver Hazard Perry
5. Battle of Thames river, Harrison, Tecumseh died
6. Lake Champlain Thomas Macdonough, Victory

Gen. Andrew Jackson ended power of Creek Nation B. ally and opened new lands to white settlers
** end of war two weeks later at BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS

B. defeat Napoleon
B. increase force in North Am
- burn capitol, white house, and more
Attempted to take Baltimore - Fort Henry held
inspired STAR SPANGLED BANNER Francis Scott Key

Slave who Lead uprising - FAILED

Slave who lead uprising - FAILED

1. Mexican army captured Coliad and attack Alamo (AM)
2. Battle of San Jancinto River: AM capture Santa Anna
3. Santa Anna signs treaty, Texas Independent - not recognized by Mexico city

Lumberjack war, "batlle of the maps"
Canada v. Maine

Polk sent Sildell to ask for California and New Mexico also border of Texas
also sent Zachary Taylor with army to Rio Grande
1846: Mexican army captured American patrol - 11 killed
War approved
Military Campaigns
** Gen. Stephen Kerney: took Santa Fe, New Mexico and S. Cali
** John C. Fremont: overthrew Cali, declared independent
** Zachary Tyalor: Drove Mexican army from Texas.. Buena VIsta Victory
** Winfield Scott: invade central Mexico

Moved line towards west pope drew to separate new world... Spain land on west, Portugal land on east

Pilgrims on the Mayflower made rough constitution, decide by majority

1st written constitution

Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut and New Haven
Military alliance... England currently in Civil war
Ended b.c. renewed tension

Religious freedom for only Christians

1. only ships built by English or Colonies used
2. goods pass through England first
3. "enumerated" goods only to england

Africans and offspring in life long bondage
Virginia

William Penn (Pennsylvania) have constitution and representatives

part of William Penn's Holy Experiment (in Pennsylvania)
freedom of worship and unrestricted immigration

John Peter Zenger criticized NY royal government
his lawyer Andrew Hamilton said that it was the truth
WON CASE!
more free speech

After French and Indian War: British WIN
G.B.: GET Canada and Florida
Spain: GET Louisiana territory
France: Lose Louisiana territory and Canada

prohibited settling west of Appalachian Mountains
(moved anyways)

Britain's act for colonies
taxed foreign sugar and luxuries
stricter Navigation laws

food and living quarters for british soldiers

Tax on all paper Items
1st direct tax to people

Responce to Stamp Act
James Otis, brought together 9 colonies
-only elected representatives allowed to approve taxes

Charles Townshend (B. chancellor, proposed it)
tax on tea, glass, paper
revenue to crown
"writ of assistance' - license that allowed to search anywhere
suspended NY assembly for disobeying quartering act

RESPONCE TO TOWNSHEND ACTS
Letters from a Framer: John Dickinson - parliment couldn't tax without approval from rep assembilies- english law
Circluar letter: James Otis and Samuel Adams - urged colonies to petition parliament

Lord Frederick North - new prime minister lobbied for it
kept tea tax

made B. tea cheaper than smuggled Dutch tea

1. Port Bill: CLOSED Boston PORTS until tea party payed for
2. Mass. gov. Act: reduced power of legislature, MORE power of ROYAL GOVernment
3. Administration of Justice Act: royal officials TRIED in Britain
4. expansion of QUARTERING ACT

Lord North and Parliament reaction to Boston Tea Party
Coercive acts and Quebec acts

B. established Quebec laws:
1. established roman catholic official religion
2. gov. w/o representative assembly
3. boundary to Ohio river

(drafted at the same time as declaration of independence)
written by John Dickinson
1. established central gov.
2. One House: each state 1 vote to pass laws
3. only unanimous votes could amend articles
4. gave congress power to wage war, make treaties, send representatives
5. COULD NOT: borrow $, collect taxes, regulate commerce, or enforce laws

Allowed parliament to TAX and make LAWS for Colonies

Richard Henry Lee: proposed declaring independence
Thomas Jefferson and 4 other delegates wrote grievances

1. B. recognize U.S. as an independent nation
2. Mississippi river = west border of U.S.
3. Fishing rights off coast of Canada
4. Am. pay B. merchants debts and honor loyalist claims for property confiscated during war

Congress established public policy for a place for public education in western lands

Developing territories near great lakes
Limited self government and prohibited slavery

During French Revolution
Washington sent Chief justice John Jay (and Hamilton) to stop B. from searching Am. ships and taking seamen
B. agreed to leave posts in US, nothing about seizures

General Anthony Wayne Wins against N.Am. @ BATTLE OF FALLEN TIMBERS
Treaty of Greenville signed - N.Am. surrendered claims to Ohio valley

Thomas Pinckney (US minister to Spain)
effect of Jay Treaty
Spain opened New Orleans port to US
and border of Florida 31st parallel

orderly procedures for dividing and selling land

US merchant ships, seized by France
Adams sent delegates to Paris
XYZ (French ministers) asked for bribes to negotiate with Delegates
Delegates said no, Americans mad "millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute"
Didn't go to war (AM not strong yet) and sent new negotiators

Federalists Laws: Signed By John Adams
1. Naturalization Act: 5->14 years to qualify for citizenship
2. Alien Acts: deport any aliens considered dangerous
3. Sedition Act: illegal for newspaper editors to criticize press or congress
FINES AND PRISON

Nullified the laws because it broke the compact
(judicial review not yet developed)

Strengthened Central Government!
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John Adams made "midnight appointments" - hired Federalist Judges at the last minute (William Marbury)
Jefferson ordered Madison not to give commission to feds.
William Marbury sued!
Judicial Review created!
Marshall said Marbury had right to Commission because of Judiciary Act - but Judiciary Act unconstitutional and revoked it
Madison WINS!

Jefferson tried to remove federalists from supreme court
only removed 1
Samuel Chase: tried but no evidence that he was crazy
so he stayed

Series of blockades against AM trade
leads to War 1812

Response to Chesapeake-Leopard affair
prohibited AM ships to sail to any foreign port
BACKFIRED: B. used South American goods
REPEALED - still no trade with France of Britain

After Embargo act repealed
Madison wanted to keep neutrality and end economic hardship
Can trade with all beside B. and France

Land fraud in Georgia
State cannot pass legislation invalidating a contract

Nathaniel Macon (congress member)
1. restored US trade with B and F
2. if B and F agreed to respect US neutrality US would prohibit trade with foe
- Napoleon agrees, but lies!

Embargo Act - result of Macon's Bill No. 2
Napoleon said he would support neutrality, but continued to seize AM ships

NE mad about war - wanted constitution amended and vote on secession
Meeting at Hartford delegates from NE rejected calls for secession
** compromise 2/3 vote of both houses b4 war

Said nothing about grievances Am had before war
ENDED IN STALEMATE

1. protective tariffs
2. 2nd national bank (first expired)
3. international improvements ** adopted tariff and second bank national bank ** Didn't allow internal improvements because not in constitution, infrastructure left up to states

Supreme court has jurisdiction over states involving constitutional rights

1st protective tariff
Before war of 1812 tariffs on imports
After, high tariffs to protect US from ruin
NE opposed

Monroe told Jackson to stop raiders
** Jackson destroyed Seminole villages and hung 2 chiefs
** drove out Spanish government
** hung 2 British traitors

Disarmament Pact between US and B. Canada
** limited naval arment on great lakes
*** limit to border fortifications

Improved US relations with Canada
1. shared fishing off Newfoundland
2. Joint occupation of Oregon for 10 years
3. 49th parallel established boundary for Louisiana purchase

Contract for a private institution cannot be altered by state

Spain worried US take florida
** gave US Florida, and Oregon Territory
** US gave $5 mil and Texas

Federal laws > state laws
gov. has implied powers
bank legal, loose interpretation
states cannot tax federal institutions

Rejected, by senate
1. prohibit slaves in Missouri
2. slave children emancipated @ 25

Henry Clay's proposal - adopted
1. Missouri was to be admitted as a slave-holding state
2. Main was to be admitted as a free state
3. Louisiana Territory divided by 36* 30', north no slavery

Supreme court review states decisions involving federal government

federal government has broad control of interstate commerce

Said Americas cannot be colonized further by European Powers
** originally George Canning's (B. Foreign sec.) idea, asked AM to make a joined Anglo-American warning
** all happy with doctrine except JQA, because restrict US from expansion

1828: South Carolina declared "Tariff of Abominations" unconstitutional
*Webster-Hayne Debate
* Daniel Webster (Mass.): "state can't leave union"
*Robert Hayne (SC)
*Jackson said "union > state"
*VP Calhoun "the union next to our liberties most dear"
*convention to null tariffs
** null tariff of 188 and 1832
** passed a resoltion forbidding collection of tariffs within the state
*Jackson's response
FORCE BILL- gave ability to take military action against SC
* then suggested congress lower the tariff, Congress did

Jackson wanted N.Am to move wast of Mississippi
Act forced them to move - Bureau of Indian Affairs created to help resettle
also happened in Georgia (cherokee Nation v. Georgia)
TRAIL OF TEARS

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squatters rights, public land and low purchase price

Georgia Won
Marshall said N.Am "domestic dependent nation" not foreign nation
therefore no right to sue in court

Bank Privately owned but received federal depostits
** meant to cushion economy
Nicholas Biddle: bank pres.. effective but believed to be corrupt
Jackson thought bank unconstitutional
** vetoed Clay's "bank-recharter bill"
** called it Private Monopoly
** majority of Americans supported him
REELECTED!

Laws of Georgia had no force within the boundaries of Cherokee territory

Andrew Jackson - stopped national banks and used small state banks instead

Land purchased in gold and silver, lead to decline of banknotes and panic of 1837

Massachusetts
Peaceful unions negotiate contracts with employers

Daniel Webster and Lord Ashburton
Made border and split Minnesota

Sam Houston asked for statehood
both Jackson and Van Buren say no
Tyler wanted it but rejected by senate 1844

Democrat
"Fifty-four Forty or Fight!"

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David Wilmot
proposed forbidding slavery in new Mexican Territories
failed in senate

Mexican Cession
1. Mexico recognize rio grande as border
2. US take Cali and New Mexico for $15 Mil

Neither B or US control S.Am. to build canal

Pres Franklin Pierce
sent diplomats to Ostend, Belgium to buy Cuba
leaked in press
had to drop idea

Mexico sold 1,000s acres of semi desert land to US for $10 mil
New Mexico and Arizona

** low income prices for Midwest farmers
** high unemployment in north
** South no affected

US can build canal without B. in Central America

Pope splits the new world
Spain, land on west ... Portugal, land on right

Spain, Portugal, France, England, Netherlands

1st permanent settlement: created by joint stock comapany
Problems: Indian attacks, famine, disease, malaria, dysentery
TOBACCO - JOHN SMITH, JOHN ROLFE
had slaves, 1st representative assembly

Headed for Jamestown, landed in Plymouth
Gov. William Bradford
Capt. Miles Standish

1st proprietary colony
George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) -> Cecil Baltimore

a Chesapeake colony: Royal colony
Sir William Berkley
rebellion against colonial government
over production of tobacco
landowning v. landless
colonial resistance to crown

James II gave land to
Lord John Berkeley, Sir George Carteret
-religious freedom
-eventually sold to quakers
-jerseys combined

Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson combine land
complete religious freedom

James II took from Dutch (New Amsterdam)
forced to make a representative assembly

Hartford, Thomas Hooker
New haven, John Davenport
combine - 1st written constitution

Royal Colony
Last New England colony
originally part of Massachusetts, Charles II split to have more control of the area

trash assemblies, more power, lead by Sir Edmund Andros

John Winthrop
Great Migration - because of England's civil war

Developed by Virginian and NE farmers
Small tobacco farms, slaves not needed

Fur traders then plantation owners, used slaves

Last Colony: royal colony
buffer against Spanish, debted and criminals shipped there
James Oglethorope: banned alcohol and slavery - then bans dropped
smallest and poorest colony

Unexplored land, most important part New Orleans
Owned by Spain - then secretly taken by Napoleon Bonaparte
1. Napoleon wanted to start french colony in america --distracted by fight with England and rebellion (led by Toussaint L'Ouverure) in Santo Domingo
2. Pinckney treaty revoked - AM needs Mississippi river in west
3. Jefferson sent diplomats to France:
Get New Orleans and Florida for 10$ mil, if failed ally with Britain
4. France gave Louisiana territory for 15$ mil

John Tyler pushed Annex through after Polk elected

Secretary of
state: Jefferson
treasury: Hamilton
War: Henry Knox
attorney general: Edmund Randolph
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VP: Thomas Jefferson
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VP Aron Burr
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Plotted against Jefferson
Republican caucus decided not to reelect him
he threatened to break up the union
formed Federalist extremist group:
1. win gov. of NY
2. unite NY with NE
3. form own naion

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Era of Good Feelings
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5 Candidates, Republican Party
** John C. Calhoun: South Carolina - ? votes
** William Crawford: Georgia - 41 votes
** Henry Clay: Kentucky - 34 votes
** John Q. Adams: Massachusetts - 84 votes
** Andrew Jackson: Tennessee - 99 votes
No one won enough electoral votes - thrown into house of reps.
Henry Clay dropped out and lobbied for JQA - then became speaker of the house
- Jackson called "corrupt bargain"

Asked for $ for infrastructure
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"common man"
** no college education
** frugal, jeffersonian - opposed high tariffs and national debt
** vetoed 12 bills
** "kitchen cabinet" asked for friends advice
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New VP after John C. Calhoun resigned as a result of the Peggy Eaton Affair

Peggy Eaton

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Blamed for panic of 1873

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Died of pneumonia a month after taking office

(note: actual inauguration April 4, 1841)

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VP to Harrison

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Worked with Hamilton on articles in the constitution
then Bullied Hamilton when Jefferson told him to
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Authorized the stamp act

Repealed Stamp Act, Made Declaratory Act

Transcendentalist
questioned church and capitalism
believed in discovering self and god through nature
Address @ Harvard "The American Scholar" urged to create culture independent from Europe

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Mass. Concord.. friends with Emerson
2 year experiment - lived in the woods by himself
wrote WALDEN
and "Civil Disobedience"
non violent protester - went to jail

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