Chapters 19 and 20

Troy Prime Minister of England. He sought to protect the interests of the wealthy and landed classes, and enacted the Corn LAws, that created popular unrest throughout England.
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Bourgeoisie abolished hereditary privileges in France, and peasants gained land and destroyed the oppressive feudal system.

Proposed by the Directory, it divided executive power among 3 Consul, the 1st being given supreme authority. It promoted universal male suffrage and created a complicated system checks and balances.

Requires both the refractory clergy ( those who refused to take an oath of loyalty), and those who accepted the revolution to resign. Replacements were approved by the pope, but paid by the state. The Church gave up confiscated property, and the clergy had to swear to loyalty to the state.

Marked the end of the Revolutionary war. The First Consul Napoleon gained enough popularity to begin legal, economic and educational reforms in France.

Are Napoleon reconciled with the Church, and without consulting the pope, the Federal government established supremacy of the state over the Church.
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After crowing himself as consul for life, he seized a bomb attack on his life, and then used this to make himself emperor. He argued that establishing a dynasty would make the new regime more secure, and further attempts useless.
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Creating a conservative attitude toward women, it also forbid workers associations, fathers were granted control over children and wives, upheld the abolition of birth privileges, and made divorce more difficult for women, all the while creating a unified law throughout France.
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Ended in a British Victory, whose supreme navy defeated both the combined Spanish and French fleets. In it, Lord Nelson was killed. http://www.artistsharbour.com/catalog/images/products/artist_unknown/battle_of_trafalgar_plan.jpg

Attempted to stop even Neutral nations from trading with the British in the Continental System.

Negotiated by Napoleon and Tsar Alexander I on a raft in the Nieman RIver. In it, Prussia lost half of its territory and Napoleon appointed members of his family to govern his empire- his stepson ruling Italy, and his three brothers and brother-in-law were made Kings of other states.
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After Russia withdrew from the Continental System and prepared for war, Napoleon amassed an army of 600,00 men. THe Russians, using a "scorched-earth" policy, an weather, defeated the French, leaving only 100,00 to return.

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In volved Spanish (Guerilla rebelled), aided by Britain and Sir Arthur Wellsey, and Austria, who declared war on France in 1809, ho lost at the Battle of Wagram. The Peace of Schonbrunn caused Austria to lose much territory and 3.5 million subjects. Napoleon divorced Josephine and married 18 year old Austrian archduchess, the daughter of Emperor Francis I

Described the powers if government in France that included a hereditary monarch and a bicameral legislature, consisting of the Chamber of Peers (upper house) and the Chamber of Deputies (property qualifications).

Called for a restoration of the Bourbons to the throne of France, and Britain,, Austria, Russia, and Prussia formed the Quadruple alliance for twenty years to preserve the settlement.

A student group from a universities in Germany, and after removing themselves from the system. Followed by the Carlsbad Decrees which dissolved the group.
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a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions.

Set out in the Congress of Vienna, this was the idea that countries would meet to discuss differences instead of immediately go to war. Peace lasts until the 20th century.

In the months following Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo, some royalists carried out atrocities against former revolutionary leaders and supporters of Napoleon.

Limited the Issues that the constitutional chambers of Bavaria, Wurttemberg and Baden could discuss. IT also asserted the right of the monarch to resist demands of constitutionalism.

After ab unruly mass meeting, Parliament suspended habeas corpus and extended existing laws against seditious gatherings.
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Laws enacted to prevent radical leaders from agitating. It forbade large public meetings, raised the fines of seditious libel, speeded up the trials of political agitators, increased newspaper taxes, prohibited the training of armed groups, and allowed officials to search homes.

In Manchester at Saint Peter's Fields, a militia was ordered by a local magistrate to move upon the audience and eleven people were killed.
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Ferdinand VII ignored the constitution and dissolved the COrtes (parliament). Army officers rebelled and Ferdinand agreed to accept the constitution.

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Proposed to resolve the situation in Spain, and was intervened by Prussia, Austria, Russia, and France.