Preceden

Chapter 19

Religion

John Weasly

1703 - 1791

https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTTppd6Cm-OW5_sCoy_1ER0qMrqvxOdBaUjYGeYAKd6iszEhDeL
Was the leader of Methodist movement .

Friedrich Schleiermacher

1768 - 1834

https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTe-lk1Bbh-YyVbCTd-PpKdJtsc1ZOUkjVaoKG2V5zJ2iYq41Cxzw
Wrote "Speeches on Religion to Its Cultured Despisers" in 1799 as a response to Lutheran orthodoxy and to Enlightenment rationalism. According to him religion was neither dogma nor a system of ethic it was intuition or feeling of absolute dependence on an infinite reality.

Napoleon concludes a concordat with Pope Pius VII

1801

http://i209.photobucket.com/albums/bb4/theorbo1/ConcordatwiththePope.jpg
Refractory clergy and those who accepted revolution to resign and the church gave up claims to confiscated property. In return the pope wanted religious dominance for the Roman Catholic Church.

Organic Articles

1802

http://oce.catholic.com/oce/oce-scans-thumb/vol01/00825_thumb.jpg
Issued without consulting the pope and established the supremacy of state over the church.

"The Genius of Christianity"

1802

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSO2SZrlxCK3MR_rBeAdMOAID2FPknnrsoT0G06LLI361S6AHEC
By Viscount Francois Rene de Chateaubriand became known as the bible of Romanticism. that essence of religion is passion

General/ Politcal History (Wars, rulers, treaties. . .)

Treaty of Campo Formio

1797

https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTCo4nPc3g4zfGJeMdVmJa7Hb7w9iKVR9lwSoMuFYKx0K7KpLZb
Took Austria out of the war and crowned Napoleon's campaign successful

Napoleon's invasion of Eygpt

1798 - 1799

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_Oc8GBN8S-0Y/SxQ7nl7_zPI/AAAAAAAAAAk/uA3K2A7dODk/s1600/bonaparte_and_sphinx.jpg
Purpose was to stop trading routes to Great Britain. It marked the first major West European assault on the Ottoman Empire.

Constitution of the Year VIII

1799

http://cdn.dipity.com/uploads/events/faf0b7c3fa5b14f234daf8010982ee7d_1M.png
Established Bonaparte as the First Consul. He was the first modern political figure to use rhetoric of revolution and nationalism with military force into a mighty weapon of imperial expansion.

Napoleon I rule

1799 - 1821

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Napoleon_in_His_Study.jpg
Ruled France as First Consul. During his rule he dominated most of Europe. He is considered the greatest enlightened despot. Spread nationalism and enlightened ideals throughout Europe. Established Napoleonic Code and Continental system.

The Peace of Amiens

1802

https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRA9onMRMvIhFPVD0a5KTC6EP7Q49l20GqGKWX3_aUVgaVxqde6Pg
A truce between France and Great Britain.

Britain declares war

1803

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/William_Pitt_the_Younger_2.jpg/220px-William_Pitt_the_Younger_2.jpg
Napoleon ignored the British ultimatum. William Pitt the Younger was prime minister and construct the Third Coalition.

Civil Code/ Napoleonic Code

1804

http://www.myartprints.com/kunst/french_school/the_napoleonic_code_mixed_medi.jpg
Safeguarded all forms of property and tried to secure French society against internal challenges

Treaty of Pressburg

1805

https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQOcA3RMljtLNNVIwLyF4JrrsgLbJKa0-THDdJ9Go6QGT9w9RqMKg
After Napoleon defeated Austrian and Russian forces at Austerliz. The Treaty of Pressburg won major concessions from Austria who withdrew from Italy and left Napoleon in control of everything north of Rome. Was called king of Italy.

Confederation of the Rhine

1806

https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQp5WgaLf5b3gu7wu8fWkeom3ROiL6EhRPtRRJX029m5r5yccZ_
Napoleon organized the Confederation of the Rhine which included most of the western German princes

Continental System

1806 - 1810

http://historyguys.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/the-continental-system-1806-1810-copy.jpg
Napoleon hoped to cut off all British trade with European continent and thereby drive the British from the war.

Berlin Decrees

November 21, 1806

http://p2.la-img.com/496/17300/5810957_1_l.jpg
Napoleon's decree that forbade his allies from importing British goods.

French army invade Iberian Peninsula

1807

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQiddbpbhTrq64guTMgQ52-I9RDULayDdsHOR42f9XRwtGLmSLb
French army came into the Iberian Peninsula to force Portugal to abandon its traditional alliance with Britain.

Milan Decree

1807

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ_gRz3ai4beBOx7nOe2tYw3qIfkvN7yfk3iGBefB3C83rDR26u
Attempted to stop neutral nations from trading with Britain.

Napoleon master of all of Germany

1807

http://en.citizendium.org/images/thumb/3/31/The_Trail_of_Napoleon_-_J.F._Horrabin_-_Map.jpg/550px-The_Trail_of_Napoleon_-_J.F._Horrabin_-_Map.jpg
Napoleon defeated the Russians at Friedland and occupied East Prussia.

Treaty of Tilsit

1807

http://images2.bridgemanart.com/cgi-bin/bridgemanImage.cgi/400wm.UIG.6035350.7055475/532127.jpg
Signed by Russia which confirmed France's gains. Prussia lost half its territory. Prussia openly and Russia secretly became allies of Napoleon

Austria renews war

1809

https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQyxvNGhFWg4mpIe0YUhrvGjWpmNAqTMHTXNHt89RGIouhDQ2ZUhQ!!
Austrian renew the war with France hoping Napoleon would be distracted with Spain.

Napoleon's invasion of Russa

1810 - December 1812

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSuWRDi0Ud_XpYjsdsw_wdZsKBnHuN1rM_fTRYyo_WxptT5d35Psw
Russia withdrew from the Continental System. Russian public opinion forced the army to give Napoleon the battle he wanted. By December Napoleons troop diminished.

Congress of Vienna

1814 - November 1815

https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQswbhHK7zsTk8bQ-m-59aonufgpow8_HqKGox0B6TEe9DzFetB
The four great powers conducted important work to make sure no single state should be allowed to dominate Europe.

Napoleon exiled

1814

https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRVcQVL70zEbqYbIXXOrmVQn1Y5a4Hdouqcw07tBge68B0aczDE4g!!
Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba after he had been defeated.

Treaty of Chaumont

March 9, 1814

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRQBLNlJAr8Zz7lODayoXX0W2m_tPYIdcR_YGmiTwq33tr6odco
Provided the restoration of the Bourbons to the French throne.

Napoleon returns

March 1, 1815

https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTxDzmYLX3qkGNcbJudSazNw7y1ucO4goa29XW344fWyENxByd2
Napoleon returns from Elba to loyal people who still preferred his rule.

Waterloo

June 18, 1815

https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSAA2viYuiMVdPbyDDfRlh_g_4blCCy6yCy7QeCQ4vBiMDMTwF9-A
Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo in Belgium by the Prussians.

Quadruple Alliance

November 20, 1815

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTE6zfBEzjRhHWpOAzUzb8ERKigZS-9SfQbTYsAOCG63hftotzznQ
England, Austria, Prussia, and Russia renewed the Quadruple Alliance which was a coalition for maintaining peace.

Napoleon's death

1821

https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ0b7k6tVtEEbHFXuDUr2cknVP9wm85G1ZRczu6qFs5VN4_Gp0yXA
Napoleon was exiled to Saint Helena where he died.

Thinkers, authors/books, ideas, . . . Individuals . . .

Immanuel Kant

1724 - 1804

https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRi9KCnqjjrlVu8uV9ISeK14M8Y7yqrx7M_Hb7HmrL95zVfhmVY
Wrote "The Critique of Pure Reason" in 1781 and "The Critique of Practical Reason" in 1788. He sought to use rationalism of the Enlightenment to preserve a belief in human freedom, immortality, and the existence of God. Believed all humans possessed a sense of moral duty or categorical imperative.

Thomas Warton

1728 - 1790

https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSS8ClGiT5aKA67usZcRMrmisyVFEkk-34aDhCEfrKNLlv-SxIjyg
Associated Romantic literature with medieval romances.

Johann Gottfried Herder

1744 - 1803

https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQPYomlB2qU2Oyv59f5TZjVBul3DLuOdbxL8I4Voq3XV_P6PGDs
Used the terms Romantic and Gothic interchangeably. The terms came to be applied to all literature that did not observe classical forms and rules and gave free play to the imagination. Resented French cultural dominance in Germany. Rejected mechanical explanation of nature. saw human beings and societies as developing organically.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

1749 - 1832

https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSS90ntCt2hVp77g_ZwVN_nIRSoNNulVoX6teSBTCVf2ejpfMKG
Wrote "The Sorrows of Young Werther" in 1774 and emphasis on felling and on living outside the bounds of polite society. Wrote "Faust" Part I and II 1808-1832 where Fause makes a pact with the devil that he will exchange his soul for the greater knowledge than other human beings possess.

"Emile"

1762

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR2xiOnz1ki06x_8UqVPI1biYJoN2Kivomofy8CMAvPn5F6SiDc
Written by Rousseau and stressed the difference between children and adults.

J.G. Fichte

1762 - 1814

https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQXHUDIRD1HpJ5TXaWUEsZjRU8-K6gdbvGh_YMy-3c1eQx4rAg_6Q
He was an important German philosopher and nationalist, identified the individual ego with the Absolute that underlies all existing things. According to him, the world is truly the creation of humankind.

August Wilhelm von Schlegel

1767 - 1845

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRTfjpQeL4ouJEe05CcPtingoNLTjOMApf4eJFoGunbqKs8N89h
Praised the Romantic literature of Dante, Petrach, Boccaccio, Shakespeare, the Arthurian legends, Cervantes, and Calderon. According to him Romantic literature was to classical literature what the organic and living were to the merely mechanical. Set forth his views in "Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature"

Friedrich Schelgel

1767 - 1845

https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRoSmIgYiWnMVAnNIXwusEv_yWftCDAEYl4i9aNmwGU_9U6VAx7
Wrote "Lucinde" in 1799 that attacked prejudices against women. The work shocked contemporary morals by frankly discussing sexual activity and by describing Lucinde as equal to the male hero.

Georg Wilhelm Fredrich Hegel

1770 - 1831

https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQD5LivvEjXtf1-mmsEDqQ-THYAWH3pHXMh8A1MHvMT8ViUmfLK5Q
Most important philosopher of history. Ideas develop in evolutionary fashion that involves conflict. He termed thesis, antithesis, and syntheis. He concluded that all periods of history and all cultures are important for their own contribution to history.

William Wordsworth

1770 - 1850

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQVgVG5-vgo70SbeuBeq5qqGsP6sRfxpuzNusR2cQ8tZdxaDRKi
Coleridge's closest friend. Together published "Lyrical Ballads" in 1798

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

1772 - 1834

https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcStMmHz1y_uhEDU4hlVyVoO2XPwIfXY2RGQXPnqc2TSRSh0XE3-
Was a master of Gothic Poems

Henri Beyle

1783 - 1842

https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTH8tD4NEdo_EV9rdN91WC0hsCAQAKdlHJ3LTZ8bqR2PwSOp9tn
Praised Shakespeare and criticized his own country man, Jean Racine.

Lord Byron

1788 - 1824

https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT1pyzcPR11tvxPbh2Bl8C1SF4F8bFjg-y_uVTmLveW8Dazbegc
Rebel among Romantic poets. Championed the cause of personal liberty.

"The Thousand and ONe Nights"

1788

https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTuKclco1-Vh3DZTG_ql_84jwFVMkVPsk3nz3NEmMaZOdl3h4ZB
Rejected classicism in literature in favor of folk stories and fairy tells.

"William Lovell"

1793 - 1795

https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT-obiWoRUOd09pSodtVLogNpltsGDdxIML_93-zVuYjtx3zd072w
Written by Ludwig Tieck and Was the first German Romantic novel the contrasts the young Lovell with those who lived by cold reason alone.

"Description of Egypt"

1809 - 1828

https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQNmY9337CnzGzdYdtaeR1qNv1EVLs_LEqaUkFnlhDkSt32RRV7xA
Written by Napoleon's scholars which concentrated largely on ancient Egypt.

"Tales of the Crusaders"

1825

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTjVt0ntigLJIxy_qSBrl-n9g2AgKIdUqFRf8sY2a4CzCpR2vdcBw
By Sir Walter Scott. It ignored the havoc that the crusaders had visited on the peoples of the Middle East.

On Heroes and Hero-Worship

1841

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSCGOHbnEfFSao1eEHbJd_djH9d7193Q9cOmIHHsxtYkRysjg21pQ
Thomas Carlyle attributed positive qualities to Muhammad. In this book he presented Muhammad as the embodiment of the hero as prophet. He repudiated the traditional Christian and general Enlightenment view of Muhammad as an impostor.

Art

Joseph Mallord Willaim Turner

1775 - 1851

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRisqhHu1_xCH-Fh8C9eDmR__AqtMW2AVZvBHRrwwEXYeWdzM1e
"Rain, Steam, and Speed-The Great Western Railway" in 1844 illustrated the recently invented railway engine barreling through an enveloping storm.

John Constable

1776 - 1837

https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSspl6B3bssE2tjP71uxmNea_zHOBWQW9QhSzO2U6japbK3EQAr
A politically conservative in "Salisbury Cathedral, from the Meadows" he portrayed a stable world in which neither political turmoil nor industrial development challenged the dominance of the church.

Castle of Neuschwanstein

1869 - 1886

https://encrypted-tbn2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRdIW4nhvt_8u8nqg0Z-UErWyxg3L0RDugB2IGNatxS2ioB5riR
NEo-Gothic revival in architecture. Contructed by King Ludwig II of Bavaria

Misc.