154C Histories

emperor
civil service exams to pick officials, but only aristocrats were eligible to take the exams
700-800: needed more land, so people waged military campaigns. gov't began to breakdown due to tax evasion and loss of revenues. frontier families recruited private armies

had to suppress the "barbarians"
elevated shogun to position of importance
emperor still seen as an important symbol and acted as a source of legitimacy

daimyo and samurai competed against each other for title of shogun

consolidated military power under the new shogun Ieyashu
froze status quo to maintain stability
shogun was able to govern 1/4 of the country directly, and the rest was governed by several hundred daimyo and assisted by samurai
shogun had put allies in the administration and excluded the people he had defeated
all daimyo were forced to leave their families every half year and the family would have to stay in Edo as hostages of the shogun, and the rest of the year the shogun would be by himself in his own territory
schools set up to train samurai, and they began to become bureaucrats in the feudal gov't as there was 250 years of peace
trade and merchants prospered, but this unsettled the class structure
eventually, the daimyos couldn't manage finances, so they cut samurai stipends

opened Japan to Western influence and trade
weakened Tokugawa house since they conceded with the outside world, which was not a popular choice
rivals that were initially excluded from the Tokugawa gov't felt encouraged to conspire to overthrow the gov't

Choshu and Satsuma defeat the shogun
Bloodless revolution: done by young samurai coalition, not commoners. against Tokugawa remnant forces.
emperor authority restored
government-led industrialization, wanted to develop a rich country with a strong army (technology, education, entrepreneurship, etc)
leadership became very militaristic (wanted to be equal with the west, had a sense of foreign threat, implemented imperialistic foreign policy)

wrote a conservative constitution where emperor was supreme political leader, Japan was land of the Sun Goddess, subjects were emperor's children who could advise and assist him but had no rights, state seen as a large family headed by a patriarch. took influence from Germany's constitution.

concentrated power and staffed bureaucracy with their own supporters.

formed cabinets from themselves and took turns being PM

created a weak Parliament (Diet) to advise emperor, but only 1% of population had a vote in Diet Lower House

as industry was created, a working/middle class was necessary and the new classes demanded a place in gov't

mass riots over rice price resulted in genro resignation

dissolved by military, led to imperialism

Category of Modern Monarchy

liberalization

reinstituted a modern monarchy

Orleanist, liberalization

1848-1852, liberalization
Napoleon III from 1852-1870, conservative reaction

from 1870-1875, it was a modern monarchy.
from 1875-1940, it was going through a liberalization stage

conservative reaction

liberalization

1958-1981, conservative reaction
1981-present, liberalization

Imposed Catholic religion
Forced use of Spanish language
United Indian kingdoms under one
Imposed hierarchy on top of the old hierarchy (Spaniards above natives)
Exploited natural resources and shipped them to Spain

after independence was gained, they tried to model the US gov't. Didn't work because they already had a strong Presidential figure that overpowered Congress. No sense of checks and balances.

violent contest for power, revolved around nationalism
reforms came in the form of the socialist constitution, which focused on land distribution, some workers rights, separation of church and state and social justice.

led to the creation of the National Revolutionary Party (NRP), which was later changed to the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) which held power until 2000. in 1929, there were 51 political parties, but NRP integrated most of them and by 1933 there were only 4.

one effect of the revolution was the decrease in military power post-revolution. in the 1930s, peasants were given land and arms in order to reduce the power and influence of the military. those in the military were given compensation and loans to start businesses, which ended up fracturing the military sector.

created a professional army, which shifted obedience from these local bosses (caciques and caudillos) to a national structure that represented national loyalty. process was difficult and violent.

stopped persecutions of the church, increased public tolerance for the church

fostered the agrarian reform, which eliminated latifundia (large privately owned land, think of pre-industrial agriculture) and allowed peasants to own land.

villages held land in common. resident got to use, but had no ownership or rights.

ended under Salinas presidency

Lifted restrictions on Catholic church and allowed clergy to have voting rights, property rights, etc.