Ch. 17

Novel spoke of how the frontier had all been settled so Americans must look outward and beyond the continental United States to conquer new regions; Advocate of idea that US shouldn't be shut out of the scramble for land

Strike at Andrew Carnegie's steelworks in Homestead, Pennsylvania: a fight of LABOR V. CAPITAL
--> the union was seen by corporations as a power that infringed upon the management rights of the company
-->Homestead strike was a failed strike that resulted in many casualties and sent the message that powerful unions and public opinion still couldn't control the largest and most powerful corporations
--> 2 different definitions of freedom
employer = right to property
employee = right to economic security and safety from unfair employers

The governor of Idaho declared martial law and sent troops to break up a strike in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho

Extension/transformation of the Farmer's Alliance; made up of the producing classes; values:
- commonwealth of small producers as fundamental to freedom
- restoration of democracy and economic opportunity
- expansion of federal power
- embraced modern technologies necessary for corp.s
- Federal government regulating them in public interest
- Modern methods of cultivation
PLATFORM by Ignatius Donnelly at the Omaha convention: proposed restoration of democracy e.g. public ownership of railroads, labor unions, graduated income tax, overall greater government regulation
ELECTION OF 1892: Populist made it onto the ballot and had a larger support (1 million+ votes)

*WHYYYY

Supreme Court case that authorized the government to expel Chinese aliens without due process of law; the ruling in this case set the precedent for legal exclusion of other groups e.g. expulsion of anarchist from US

economic dominance of American sugar planters and desire for lower tariffs on American market

Campaign to restrict new immigrants because the immigrant lower classes were in lower, untidy conditions and had higher crime rates "slum"; presented as a threat to American democracy--> state disenfranchisement measures with residency and literacy requirements

A worker strike against wage reduction in Pullman, Illinois; American Railway Union refused to handle trains with Pullman cars-->**something with mail cars*--> eventually it got so bad that Grover Cleveland's attorney general, Richard Olney, obtained an injunction to order strikers back to work--> voilent clashes and protests--> union leaders (including Eugene V. Debs) were jailed for violating the judicial order

Example of clash between government and labor after economic collapse of 1893; unemployed men led by Jacob Coxey marched to Washington demanding economi relief

BTW was a proponent of economic self-help and individual advancement
- repudiation of claim to full equality
- acceptance of segregation
- alliance with white employers (saw possible preference for docile black labor force over unionized whites)
- acceptance that frontal assaults on white community were impossible, instead need to focus on building up segregated black communities
"in all things that are purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress"--> support of separatism

Supreme court case that allowed segregation in public facilities
-"separate but equal" doctrine: the segregated facilities did not discriminate so long as they were separate but equal
-8 to 1, Justice Harlan dissent said that constitution should be colorblind and all laws, facilities, etc. equal
** This and the Civil Rights Cases represented the Court giving the go ahead for racial segregation

Tariff rates raised to the highest level in history after Republican president McKinley and majority voted into Congress

"The Splendid Little War"; growing American sympathy for Cuban cause
-destruction of battleship Maine blamed on Spanish
-war fever fanned by yellow journalism
-declaration of war with Teller Amendment: US had no intention of annexing Cuba
-duration: 4 months
--> interest in imperial expansionism
- war in Philippines(Manila Bay) first, Cuba(Santiago), PR(San Juan Hill, TR Rough Riders)

A Supreme Court case that said the 14th Amendment automatically awarded citizenship to children of Chinese immigrants born on American soil

Philippines against continued US control, US failed to recognize the provisional government founded by Emilio Aguinaldo--> war:
- bloody and brutal, controversial treatment of civilians by troops
- hopes to modernize Philippines failed, it simply aided wealthy planters and led the rest towards enduring poverty
(Philippines eventually gained their independence in 1946)

Stated that Puerto Rico was an insular territory, so Puerto Ricans were not citizens and PR was not a state of the United States--> didn't have the same right as US citizens
(This lead to the Insular Cases)

Enacted by the Republican Majority; made gold the standard currency

~ to the Election of 1896 (winner: McKinley) and aftermath:
--> The Emerald City is green for money and represents Washington, D.C.; The Wizard of Oz who remains invisible and rules by illusion is Pres McKinley; the only access to DC is by the yellow brick road (gold standard); The wicked witches of the east and west = oppressive industrialists and mine owners; Dorothy's silver shoes is the money preferred "ordinary" people

Supreme Court said that the constitution didn't fully apply to the new territories, this led to a loss of natural American freedoms in new territories with a government that wasn't entirely based on the consent of the governed

Because of its economic power, the US would soon overpower all other empires