European History till 1800's

-Printing press spread the hatred of Catholicism

-People are saved through faith
-Everyone is a technically priest, each responsible for learning the religion
-Conservative in politics.

-"The Universal Monarch"
-Aquired Land from his Spanish and German grandparents
-Gave his land to his son and brother.

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-used to make Luther recant
-Luther refused to recant, leads to his arrest warrant.

-Peasants used Luther's teaching to justify revolt
-Luther responds negatively to the peasant revolt.

-Catholic counter-reformation, used to change corrupt things in the church
-Was a success

-Protestant trade league vs. Catholic Princes
-Ends with the Peace of Augsburg

-Says the religion of the land is that of the ruler
-"Cuius regio, eius religio"

-Protestants vs Catholics, ends up being France vs Hapsburg
-Started with the Defenestration of Prague
-Richelieu brought in France to oppose Hapsburg

-Freedom to be Lutheran, Calvinist, or Catholic
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-Recognized Netherlands independance

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-Balance of Power, Legitimacy, Compensation
-Split Poland in Congress
-Concert of Europe led to Balance of Power until WWI.

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-Labor tax, needed to work certain amount of time

Ottomans attacked Vienna
Polish Man saved the day

Pragmatic Sanction allowed for Maria Theresa inherit land.

Enlightened Reforms that were Religious reforms, but not towards the Jews.

-Prussia vs Hapsburg Austria
-Austria won, gained Silesia

-His mother was Maria Theresa
-Reforms accepted all religion, eased the persecution of Jews

-Austria, France vs Britain, Prussia, and Russia
-Britain was the only slight victor.

-1st chancellor under the reigns of Francis I (1821–1835) & Ferdinand I (1835–1848)
-Metternich System split Napoleon's Empire amongst Europe.
-1st chancellor under the reigns of Francis I (1821–1835) & Ferdinand I (1835–1848)
-Metternich System split up Napoleon's Empire
-Carlsbad Decree made more press censorship
-Concert of Europe was the band of Major European powers before WWI
-He hated Nationalism and Conservatism

-Hungarians wanted liberal govt.
-Czecks want independance
-Austrians want liberal govt
-Italians want independance

-Government got a liberal constitution
-Franz Joseph puts the revolt down

-"Soldier King" because he was obsessed with tall beefy soldiers.

-Went against Pragmatic Sanction by invading Silesia
-Enlightened Despot due to his ease of persecution of Jews and abolishing of serfdom

-HRE vs Prussia
-Prussia ends up winning, thus gaining Silesia.

-Britain France Spain VS Prussia HRE Austria
-Britain side wins

-He is an 18th century philosopher
-Led to the beginning of the Sturm und Drang movement.

-Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences, 1830
-The lower working class will always revolt against the wealthy middle class

-Gross wanted to unify all of German areas including Austria
-Kleine wanted to unify all of German areas except Austria

-Wanted to unify with Frederick William IV being king of the new areas
-Frederick William IV was offered the crown.
-Frederick declined the offer because it was given by the elected representatives instead of land owning princes.

-Started in Florence

-Humanism is belief that humans can control their own destiny, borrowed from Greece and Rome.

Italy composed mainly of small city-states

-The Medici family ruled
-Powerful because it was rich

-Son of Alexander VI
-Admired by Machiavelli because he tried to unite Italy.

-Leader of Italy, Medici Family
-Contributed heavily to patronage of art, which he bought.

-Radical Dominican monk that opposed Alexander VI
-Also called to oust the Medici's from the land.
-Ended by burning at the stake

-High Renaissance started in Rome.

-Says to be a ruthless leader, "better to be feared than loved."

-Charles V sacked Rome

-Book of the Courtier pub. 1528
-Called to be a "Renaissance Man", or a well rounded man

-Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, publ. 1632
-He compared Copernican and Ptolemaic theories, Sun was the center of the System.
-The church called it heresy

On Crime and Punishment 1764-Condemned torture and the Death Penalty

-Balance of Power, Restoring the throne, Reparations
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-Remained separated city states, with Austria controlling the North

-Movement that called for the Unification of Italy
-Three groups are Neo Guelfs, Young Italy, Sardinians

-Italian Politician/Journalist that called for Italy Unification
-Leader of Young Italy
-Wanted a Democratic Italy

-Ended up unsuccessful because the three main groups all wanted different things.