Parallel Timeline

Gutenberg invented the printing press which allowed any press to be distributed in mass quantities, benefitting politicians, scientists, and any writer. The first book printed was the Bible. It also allowed Martin Luther's 95 Theses to be mass produced.

Salvation through faith, which stated that salvation came only to those who had true faith. Priesthood of all believers, which argued that all true believers received God's grace were, therefore, priests in God's eyes. Luther was a conservative and believed that citizens should do what the government says.

His nickname was "the Universal Monarch." He got all of his land from his family. On his mother's side, his grandparents were related to Ferdinand and Isabella which unified Spain and his paternal grandparents were rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.
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When Charles V retired to a monastery, he gave the Holy Roman Empire to his brother, Ferdinand. He gave the Spanish lands to Phillip II.

The Diet of Worms was an assembly of the Holy Roman Empire, asking Martin Luther to recant. However, Frederick the Wise protected Luther. The result of this meeting was the Edict of Worms, which was basically an arrest warrant for Martin Luther.

Inspired by the charges brought by Martin Luther in the Reformation, peasants in Germany demanded agrarian rights and freedom from oppression by landlords and nobles. However, Martin Luther condemned this rebellion, ultimately leading to its defeat.

This was a reform council of the Catholic Church which began its deliberations in 1545. Despite its reformist, it continued to insist that the Catholic Church was the final arbiter in all matters of faith.

This was a time of violence between Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire and the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League.The war ended with the Peace of Augsburg.

Signed in 1555, it established the principle of "whoever ruler; his religion" and signaled Rome that the German princes would not go to war with each other over religion. Latin Phrase: "cuius regio, eius religio"

This was mostly a war fought between the Protestants and the Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, but it eventually spread over the majority of Europe. The Defenstration of Prague began the war, which was when some Catholics got thrown out the window into a pile of poop. France entered the Thirty Years War because of a Bourbon-Hapsburg rivalry.

The Netherlands received their independence. Calvinism was officially a religion. This treaty ended the Thirty Years War.
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Established by Napoleon, the Confederation was a group of German states.
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Representatives from the four major power that had combined to defeat Napoleon - Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, and Austria - met in Paris in November of 1814 to forge a peace settlement. The three goals were: to prevent further aggression, restore the balance of power, and to restore Europe's royal family. Poland was a big deal and lots of fighting over it. Prussia, Austria, and Russia ended up splitting the country. Concert of Europe is the alliance created in November of 1815 that required important diplomatic decisions to be made by all four great powers - Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain - "in concert" with one another.

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The strong Ottoman army besieged Vienna, Austria against the Holy Roman Empire. The Ottomans ended up losing, because Polish king Jan Sobieski.

The document that guaranteed the right of Maria Theresa, Charles VI's only child to ascend to the throne of Austria, but which was challenged in 1740 by Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia.

She reduced the nobility's estates, which had used up lots of the government's money prior. She also abolished the tax exemptions of the landowners. She created a central administration which was separate from the judiciary system. She was a very strict Catholic.

A war started in 1740 by Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia, whose aim was to extend Prussia into lands controlled by the Hapsburgs. Challenging the right of Maria Theresa to ascend to the throne of Austria, (which was a right guaranteed her by a document known as the Pragmatic Sanction), Frederick II marched troops into Silesia. Maria Theresa was able to rally Austrian and Hungarian troops and fight Prussia and its allies the French, the Spanish, Saxons, and Bavarians, to a stand-off.

The conflict which pitted France, Austria, Russia, Saxony, Sweden, and (after 1762) Spain against Prussia Great Britain, and the German state of Hanover. Land and sea battles were fought in North America (where it is sometimes referred to as the French and Indian War), Europe, and India. The European hostilities were concluded in 1763 by a peace agreement that essentially reestablished prewar boundaries. The North American conflict, and particularly the fall of Quebec in 1759, shifted the balance of power to the British. The British had similar success in India.

He abolished hereditary privileges for the nobility and centralized the administration. Civil service was based on merit and loyalty not birth. He established social equality and security for the masses. He allowed freedom of religion. He completely abolished serfdom and feudal dues. He founded numerous asylums, hospitals, poor houses, and orphanages. He abolished torture and the death penalty in judicial charges.

The first chancellor under the reigns of Francis I and Ferdinand I. The Metternich System was the balance of power that existed in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. Carlsbad Decrees were a series of resolutions made by the Germanic states after liberal resolutions. It censored all publications, eliminated any nationalist organizations, and set up a central inquisitive squad, armed, that would take care of any rebellions. The Concert of Europe was an alliance created in November of 1815 that required important diplomatic decisions to be made by all four great powers - Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain - "in concert" with one another. He hated the French Revolutionary ideal of equality.

Assorted nationalists wanted to break away from the Austrian Empire. Those occupying Vienna demanded rights and freedom of the press, wanting to remove the much hated Metternich.

Frederick William I was known as the "Soldier King" because of his fondness of the military. He searched for the tallest men on earth to create a super-army he called the Potsdam Giants.

He gave the territorial princes representation in government. He granted freedom of the press and freedom of religion. He sped up the legal process, abolished torture and the death penalty. He established the first code of German laws and educated all judges. The Pragmatic Sanction was a document that guaranteed the right of Maria Theresa to ascend to the throne of Austria, but which was challenged in 1740 by Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia.

A war started in 1740 by Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia, whose aim was to extend Prussia into lands controlled by the Hapsburgs. Challenging the right of Maria Theresa to ascend to the throne of Austria (which was a right guaranteed her by a document known as the Pragmatic Sanction), Frederick II marched troops into Silesia. Maria Theresa was able to rally Austiran and Hungarian troops and fight Prussia and its allies, the French, Spanish, Saxons, and Bavarians, to a stand-off.

The conflict which pitted France, Austria, Russia, Saxony, Sweden, and (after 1762) Spain against Prussia, Great Britain, and the German state of Hanover. Land and sea battles were fought in North America (where it is sometimes referred to as the French and Indian War), Europe, and India. The European hostilities were concluded in 1763 by a peace agreement that essentially reestablished prewar boundaries. The North American conflict, and particularly the fall of Quebec in 1759, shifted the balance of power to the British. The British had similar success in India.

Johann Herder was a German critic and philosopher who started the idea that culture and language unify a people not political boundaries.

This was a debate over how to unify Germany. The gross-deutsch opinion was that all German speaking people should be unified. The Kleine deutsch believed that only northern Germany should be united and that Austria should be left out.

wrote the Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences. He was one of the philosophers that started the "German idealism" because of his account of history which helped Karl Marx develop communism.

The Frankfort Assembly was a legislative body formed during the brief success of liberal reformers in Germany in 1848; they failed in their attempt to form a German nation.

The Early Renaissance began in Florence.

During the prestigious period in Florence, the Medici family ruled the city and sponsored artists to come and glorify the city.

Pope Alexander VI, aided militarily and politically by his son Cesare Borgia, reasserted papal authority in the papal lands. Cesare Borgia became the hero of Machiavelli's The Prince because he began the work of uniting the peninsula by ruthlessly conquering and exacting total obedience from the principalitities making up the Papal States .

Lorenzo de Medici, who led the ruling family of Florence, commissioned almost all of the great Renaissance artists.

Friar Savonarola was a preacher active in Renaissance Florence who denounced the clerical corruption, despotic rule, and exploitation of the poor. He called for civic glory and Christian renewal.

The High Renaissance moved to northern Italy, and its center was Rome.

Machiavelli's The Prince focused on the qualitites and strategies necessary for attaining and holding social and political power.

A defensive alliance existed between the Italian city states of Milan, Venice, and Rome. Ludovico Il Moro, the leader of Milan, broke this agreement and invited Charles V of France into Italy, making Italy into a battleground. This allowed the ideas to spread North, but eventually killed the Renaissance in Italy.

Castiglione's The Book of the Courtier describes the typical Renaissance man and woman.

The book, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems dismantled the arguments in favor of tradition, Aristolian view of the cosmos, and it presented the Copernican system as the only alternative for reasonable.

On Crimes and Punishments abolished the death penalty and gave prisoners more rights.

The mid-nineteenth century Italian nationalist movement composed mostly of intellectuals and university students; from 1834 to 1848, the Risorgimento attempted a series of popular insurrections and briefly established a Roman Republic in 1848.

The Congress of Vienna had representatives from the four major powers that had combined to defeat Napoleon - Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, Prussia, and Austria - met in Paris in November of 1814 to forge a peace settlement. Austria got major portions of Italy.
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All of the unification movements in 1848 were unsuccsesful.

Giuseppi Mazzini believed that "in laboring according to the true principles of our country we are laboring for Humanity." Thus the liberty of the individual and the love of a free nation overlapped greatly.