Europe Through the Ages..or at least the mid 19th Century

Created the printing press! VERY IMPORTANT. Allowed for spread of new ideas which helped the Protestant Reformation.

Salvation through Faith: You don't have to do good works to go to Heaven, thus disagreeing with Catholicism
Priesthood of all Believers: everyone is the same in the eyes of God
Beliefs on Government: Not the same as the priesthood. Much more conservative. People should know their place.

http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~wggerman/map/images/charlesvempire.jpg
AKA Universal Monarch
Got so much land from inheriting Spain from mom and HRE from dad. Lucky.
When he retired to a monastery, he gave Spain to his son and HRE to his brother.

Catholic Church told Luther he should recant. Luther said no.

They used Luther's idea of Priesthood of All Believers, everyone being equal and a backbone to their revolt.
Luther heartily disapproved of this and wrote a pamphlet called On the Muderous and Theiving Hordes against the revolt.

Attempt to reform the Catholic Church. Fairly successful b/c got rid of indulgences and simony and educated clergy.

Protestant Leagues vs. Catholic Princes
Result: Peace of Augsbourg

Basically German Princes could choose their religion (EXCEPT CALVINISM) and people could choose where they lived.
"Cuius regio, eius religio" Whoever rules, chooses religions.

Catholic areas v. Protestant areas.
Ended in chaos...everyone v. Hapsburgs
Started with Defenestration of Prague (aka best event ever)
France entered to fight against Hapsburgs

Religious Settlement: you can be whatever religion you want!
Northern Netherlands became independant (United Provinces of the Netherlands), Southern stayed with Spain.
http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/262/268312/art/figures/KISH_14_330.gif

http://www.zum.de/whkmla/histatlas/germany/rheinbund.gif

3 Goals of CoV: War reparations, Balance of Power, Return legitimate rulers
Poland: Russia really wanted Poland. Almost went to war over this
Concert of Europe: involved almost everyone in Europe (also a big party)

http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~wggerman/map/images/ceneur1815.jpg

Ottoman Turks attack Vienna
Jan Sobieski saves the day!

Pragmatic Sanction: allowed Maria Theresa to rule Austria, other countries couldn't invade

Enlightened Reforms: reduced Robot, lessened restrictions of serfs

Prussia v. Austria (Prussia breaks Pragmatic Sanction)
Prussia won and took Silesia which is a terrible thing to fight over. Not worth it.

On continent, Austria v. Prussia, fighting over Silesia again.
Prussia won!

Son of Maria Theresa
Enlightened Reforms: Abolished serfdom, religious freedom (Even Jews!), controlled church, reduced taxes
What a good guy.

1st chancellor under the reigns of Francis I (1821–1835) & Ferdinand I (1835–1848)
Metternich System: conservative political polices
Carlsbad Decrees:imposed rigid discipline on German states and established restrictions on German Press
Hated: Nationalism and liberalism
Concert of Europe: kept balance of power

People wanted more liberal government
The gov was made slightly more liberal but not enough so Metternich fled
Rebellion put down by Franz Joseph

"The Soldier King" b/c Potsdam Giants and awesome military. Made Prussia "Sparta of the North"

Enlightened Reforms: tax reforms and abolished serfdom
Pragmatic Sanction: broke it invading Austria to get Silesia. Dumb move.

Austria vs. Prussia
Prussia won and got Silesia.

On Continent: Austria v. Prussia
Prussia still wins.
Don't mess with Prussia.

Philosopher and literary critic who was instrumental in forming Romanticism in Europe and German nationalism

Gross deutsch was a unified Germany including Austria
Klein deutsch was unified Germany sans Austria

Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences-1830
View of History: Every age has a thesis and an antithesis which culminate in a synthesis which in turn becomes the next thesis

Provided for an elected parliament and would unify state as a German empire
The crown was offered to Frederick William IV but he rejected it b/c it was a "crown from the gutter"
No more nationalism. :(

Began in Florence b/c of rich bankers could be a patron of the arts

Cosmo di Medici ruled
Powerful b/c from wealthy banking family

Illigitimate child of Pope Alexander VI
Image of Jesus based off of him
Controls Pope's army's and gets a lot of land
Machiavelli liked him because he tried to unite Italy

Controls Florentine gov behind the scenes
Very rich banker
Patron to the arts

He was a dominican friar who hated humanism and the Medicis and convinced people to burn a lot of priceless art (b/c it was too secular) in the Burning of the Vanities. Was eventually killed b/c he was too radical

Took place in Rome b/c Popes had money

The Prince (1517): Said rulers should only be moral when it is beneficial. Otherwise, just appear moral. Better to be feared than loved.

During the Hapsburg-Valois wars, Charles V (HR Emperor) came and sacked Rome.

Book of the Courtier (1528): told men how to be the ideal Renaissance man...they can do everything

Dialouge Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632)
Said the Earth goes around the sun
Not recieved well by Catholic church.
(Under house arrest)

On Crime and Punishment
Treat criminals better, take away death penalty
Terrible ideas really.

3 Goals: Return legitimate monarchs, war reparations, balance of power
Italy was carved up and given to Austria
http://www.memo.fr/Media/Carte_Congres_Vienne.gif

Unification of Italy!
Guiseppi Mazzini, Sardinians, and Neo Guelfs all wanted unification

Unification was unsuccesful b/c everyone something different. Neo Guelfs wanted Catholic theocracy
Mazzini wanted democracy
Sardinians wanted constitutional monarchy

He was a true Romantic, the heart of Italy. His group was Young Italy and they wanted a democracy