Europe!

Gutenberg invented the printing press! This made information accessible to more people and increased literacy among people!

Believed in salvation through faith (sola fide)
Priesthood of all believers -- everyone is equal in the eyes of God
Conservative government beliefs - believed that peasants are subservient..fedualism is ok! Reaction to the Peasant Revolt shows this!

http://classes.maxwell.syr.edu/his211-001/Nine%20Visuals%20&%20Pages/Charles%20V%20Empire%20map.jpg
"The Universal Monarch"
From his mother's side: inherited Spain and overseas stuff
From his father's side: inherited HRE
When he "resigned" he gave his brother, Ferdinand the HRE and his son, Phillip II, Spain

A meeting called by Charles V telling Luther to recant
Luther said no..he wouldn't even show up..he just wrote a letter..they tried to then arrest him

Used Luther's belief of a "priesthood of all believers" that says everyone is equal in the eyes of God...if everyone is equal in the eyes of God then shouldn't they be equal in the eyes of common people? They thought so!
Luther was mmmaadddd! He was angry that they misinterpreted it....he intended for them to be equal to God but not to there fellow man...he told officials to just kill them all

It was the meeting of the Catholic church to reform some of their traditions....did NOT reform any beliefs...It was relatively successful though! The Church tried to make itself less corrupt..requiring priests to actually be educated, remain celibate, stopped indulgences, and did a few other things

Protestants (Lutheran Princes) VS Catholics (Charles V)
Ended in the Peace of Augsburg!

Cuius regio, eius religio
Every prince decided the religion of the people in their domain...could choose between Protestant (Lutheran) or Catholicism.....NO Calvinism

Protestant VS Catholic
Started with the Defenstration of Prague
Became All of Europe VS Hapsburg
France (Richelieu) aids the Protestants with troops because they hate the Hapsburg and want to lessen their power

http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/map16rel.gif
Added Calvinism to accepted religions
Also gave the Netherlands (North) their independence

Loose association of Germanic States created by Napoleon
http://www.napoleonguide.com/images/confedrhine_fron.jpg

1. Balance of Power 2. Legitimate monarch restored to the thrones 3. Compensation for war losses Poland was the source of much dispute...almost caused a war! Russia really wanted it but only ended up getting a little bit Concert of Europe - an alliance of powers that would try to keep a balance of powers across Europe...was kept around until WWI

Created by the Congress of Vienna
http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/history/images/german_confed.gif

Ottomans VS HRE
The Polish King Jan Sobieski saved the day!

Issued the Pragmatic Sanction: Can't divide Hapsburg land...to ensure Maria Theresa would reign

Enlightened Reforms:
1. Lightened the work load (robot)

Prussia (Fredererick II) VS Austria (Maria Theresa)
Frederick Won! Got Silesia!.....Maria Theresa was pretty mad..

England VS France (also took place in America--French and Indian War)
England wins and France is bitter --> reason for their involvement in the American Revolution

Mother: Maria Theresa
Enlightened Reforms: Really Radical and all were eventually undone
1. Religious Toleration - Allowed Jews to practice 2. Abolished Serfdom 3. Granted peasants the right to marry

1st Chancellor under the regins of Francis I and Ferdianad I
Metternich System: supression of nationalistic and liberalistic ideals...like censorship of newspapers
Carlsbad Decrees: No clubs, more censorship of everything
Concert of Europe: He orchestrated this...it was an alliance
2 things he hates: nationalism and liberalism

What do people want:
Hungarians want liberal gov
Bohemians want independence
Austrians want liberal gov
Italians want independence
The government got a slightly more liberal government
Franz Joseph puts down the rebellion

"The Soldier King"
Obsessed with the military....Prussia became the Sparta of the North....Potsdam Giants....He <3 tall people

Enlightened Reforms:
1. Abolished serfdom 2. No capital punishment 3. Protected religious minorities
Pragmatic Sanction: Broke it - took Silesia from Maria Theresa

Austria vs Prussia
Prussia won and got Silesia

Britian and Allies vs France and Aliies
Britian WINS

an early German romantic author ( the "storm and stress" aka strum and drang movement) and all about German Nationalism

Published Encyclopedia of Philosophical Sciences
Theory on the progression of history: history is based on the events of extraordinary men not on just little stuff

They wrote a new consitution that elected parliament members and called for a unified Germanic Empire
They offered the crown to Frederick William IV
FAILURE Frederick William IV didn't want the crown because it was offered to him from elected officials and not the princes (therefore from the "gutter")

Gross - big
unify all Germanic areas including Austria
Kleine - little
unify all Germanic areas except Austria

Begins in Florence

Government Structure: consisted of many city-states...all were independent of eachother...very competetive between them all

The Medici familly ruled....It was powerful because they were so wealthy

He was the son of Pope Alexander VI and he wanted to unite Italy......He is the perfect ruler in the eyes of Machiavelli because he would do anything in his power, no matter what the people thought, to unify Italy.

"The Magnificient" He ruled over the people as a major player in the Medici family.

He was a guy that criticized everyone (humanism is bad) and he didn't like the worldiliness of the Medici family...He was burned at the stake!

It took place in Rome

"It is better to be feared than loved." To be a good ruler sometimes you have to be ruthless and immoral...even if the people hate you....unification!!

HRE Emperor Charles V invades thus ending the Renaissance

It describes the ideal Renaissance man and woman....Renaissance men must be well versed in all subjects and women should be silent, well mannered, and pretty

He said that the Earth revolves around the Sun.....received badly!! Catholics were very angry that he went against the Bible....wanted him to recant...and he did..but with sass

It said that they should abolish the death penalty and treat prisoners better

It is the Unification of Italy
Young Italy, Sardinians, Neo Guelfs wanted unification

1. Balance of Power
2. Reinstate legitimate monarchs to the throne
3. War Repirations Big chunks of it went to Austria for War Repiratoins http://www.cominganarchy.com/wordpress/wp-content/old_uploads/europe1815.jpg

The revolutions failed because they were divided by 3 groups who wanted 3 different government structures
1. Young Italy = Democracy
2. Sardinians = Const. Monarchy
3. Neo Geulfs = Cath Theocracy
.....soooo they couldnt all decide therefore no unification

Leader of the Young Italy, he wanted democracy