500 years of Europeans killing each other.

humans could control their own destiny.

begins in Florence

It was an agreement between the Catholic Church and French government that allowed the French King to appoint Bishops in France while the Pope was recognized to stronger than councils

She ruled for her sons and tried to be a politique in her rule. She was not successful at being a politique

This massacre happened during the wedding of a Huguenot noble, and many protestants were killed. It was ordered by Catherine de Medici. The Pope gave the messenger that brought the news a bag of gold, he was so happy.

His famous quote is: "Paris is well worth the mass"
In order to keep the throne, he kept flip flopping from Catholicism to Protestant. He decreed the Edict of Nantes, which allowed Protestants to worship freely. He was a politique because he was very religiously tolerant. He was killed by a religious Catholic zealot, who stabbed him while he was in his carriage.

He gave power to Cardinal Richelieu. Richelieu started the French Academy, which made an official French dictionary. In order to control the nobles, he took their castles from them. He was against the Hapsburgs in the Thirty Years War. He forced the Huguenots to take down their city walls.

Richeleui sends French troops to Spain to fight the Hapsburgs because they were very powerful and they want them to be weakened. By the time this is over, France is the strongest country in Europe.

His famous quote was: "I am the State"
He was bad at economics because he spent a lot of money to build extravagant things, such as Versailles. In regards to his religious policy, he was really Catholic. To control the nobles, he forced all of them to move to Versaille. To control the Huguenots, he revoked the Edict of Nantes.

This war was caused by the possible creation of Spance. None of the other countries wanted that much land and power to be under one crown. France lost, and the smaller allied countries won

His art style was Rococo. Madam de Pompadour was his famous mistress

his views on government: Three branches and they all check and balance each other

Austria vs Prussia. On European continent, they were fighting over territory. Off of the European continent, Austria's allies (France and Russia) vs Prussia's ally (Britain). Prussia and Britain win. To end it, Treaty of Paris (1763), no major changes in Europe. Off the continent, Britain got France's colonies in North America.

He believed in free speech. He hated the Church

On general will (Social Contract), he believed that people were noble savages. On education (Emile), he believed that everybody should learn from experience, and no formal education. He was considered against the enlightenment because none of his theories went with the enlightenment values

He was easily influenced. His wife was Marie Antoinnette and she was hated because she was so disconnected from the people. Louis was beheaded at the guillotine for treason

France helped America in order to get revenge on Britain. This war bankrupted France

Abee Sieyes- an author from the 3rd estate
Assignats- the new french currency backed by seized church lands
Civil Constitution of the Clergy- put the clergy under the payroll of the state
Constitution of 1791- made france a constitutional monarchy

National Convention- legislature that governed France
Committee of Public Safety- the head of the governing body
Reign of Terror- period of time where thousands of people were killed because they were suspected to be anti-revolutionary
Thermidorean Reaction- reaction to Robespierre from the reign of terror. Robespierre is beheaded face up

New governing body of France. This is where Napoleon began to gain power.

Concordat of 1801 said that it was legal to be Catholic again. The Napoleonic Code (1804) was an enlightened code because there were education reforms and leadership was based on merit. Meritocracy.Continental system (1806) was a form of economic warfare against the British that said that nobody in Europe could trade with Britain. The Peninsular War (1808-1812) came when the French tried to force the Continental system on Spain. It consisted of guerilla warfare by the Spanish troops and drained the resources and money of France. The invasion of Russia was bad. Napoleon went into Russia with over 600,000 troops and marched into a smoldering Moscow. By the time they returned to France, over half of the troops died from the extreme cold and hunger. The hundred days (1815) was when Napoleon came out of exile and reclaimed control of France. He was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo (1815) and sent into exile for the last time

he was Louis XVI's brother. The Charter of 1814 was a Constitution that the Congress of Vienna required Louis XVIII to propose before he was returned to power

3 goals of the Congress of Vienna- prevent further war, give compensation to winning countries for lost resources, and return old rulers to power. France's representative was Tallyrand. France was treated very generously in the terms that they had to follow.

He was conservative. The July Ordinances were a series of decrees that originally were intended to quell the people of France, but the exact opposit happened

The were against Charles X. The common people revolted and put barricades in the street.

he was called the July Monarch and his reign was known as the "Bourgeois Monarchy" or the "Citizen Monarchy". He was different because he acted like a regular citizen and not like royalty. He kept an open door policy at the palace. He ignored the demands of the liberal population, from where he got his power, and that caused the February Revolt

This revolt was against King Louis Philippe. A provisional government took over

Lous Blanc was a socialist and wanted the government to enact change and he wanted the government to sponsor national workshops in order to garuntee that all the people had work. These workshops, which were run by Blanc's rival, failed.

The government was a Republic. All males could vote. The legislature was a unicameral legislature. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte was the president. Socialism heavily influenced the thinking in the republic

THis was caused by the abolishment of the government workshops and the oder that all the unemployed provincials move back to the provinces. A dictatorship-republic sort of govenrment took over.

He invented the printing press

He believed that salvation could be obtained by faith alone. Priesthood of all believers meant that everybody was equal before God, but not before economic and social status. anybody could communicate with God through prayer or any other means. No middle man was needed. He was a political conservative.

He was known as the "Universal Ruler". From his Mom, he got Spain and all of it's holdings. From his Dad, he got the Holy Roman Empire. When he retired, he gave his brother the Holy Roman Empire and to his son, he gives Spain and it's holdings.

the council that wanted Luther to recant his 95 Theses. Luther refused to and then went into hiding.

They used Luther's beliefs of "Priesthood of all believers" to justify that everybody should be equal economically and socially. Luther denounced the revolt.

Series of Reforms made by the Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation. The Church was cleaned up and corrupt practices were stopped. It was very successful because they managed to survive.

Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire vs the Lutherans. It ended with the Peace of Augsburg

Said that the German Princes could decide what religion they wanted their region to practice. cuius regio, eius religio- his land, his religion

A war between the Catholics and Protestants (Hapsburgs vs the HRE). It started because of the defenestration of Prague and then France stepped in and made it more of a huegnot vs hapsburgs deal.

The religious settlement was that people could be whatever religion they wanted to be. The northern part of the Netherlands became the United Provinces. The southern provinces were kept by Spain

3 goals of the Congress of Vienna- prevent further war, give compensation to winning countries for lost resources, and return old rulers to power. Poland was kept at the boundaries of the 1795 partition of Poland. Poland negotiations almost started another war. Concert of Europe involved almost all the nations in Europe.

It was a labor tax and caused forced labor on state projects to improve the country. such as roads.

The Ottoman Turks tried to take this city in an attempt to begin a takeover of Europe. They were saved by the King of Poland.

The Pragmatic Sanction said that Maria Theresa could inherit the Austrian throne and keep all her possessions.

she increased the freedom for the serfs and reduced the robot

War between Prussia and Austria. This war broke the Pragmatic Sanction. Prussia won and gained Silesia.

Austria vs Prussia. On European continent, they were fighting over territory. Off of the European continent, Austria’s allies (France and Russia) vs Prussia’s ally (Britain). Prussia and Britain win. To end it, Treaty of Paris (1763), no major changes in Europe. Off the continent, Britain got France’s colonies in North America.

Son of Maria Theresa. He continued his mother's reforms. he abolished the robot, abolished serfdom, reduced taxes, was religiously tolerant of all religions (including Jews), and he controlled the Church.

From 1821 to 1835, he was 1st Chancellor under the reigns of Francis I and from 1835-1848, he was 1st Chancellor under the reigns of Ferdinand I. The Metternich System was a system of conservative policies that helped keep down liberal rebellions. The Carlsbad decrees were a series of decrees that placed restrictions on news presses, universities, etc. in order to keep a revolution from picking up in Austria. The Concert of Europe was a system set up in order to keep the balance of power. The 2 things that he hated were Liberalism and Nationalism.

The people wanted a more liberal government. The government becomes a little more leniant, but apparently that wasn't enough for them. Metternich had to flee. The rebellions were crushed by Franz Joseph.

He was known as the "Soldier King" because he was obsessed with the military. He forced his army to march hundreds of miles for no reason at all. (no fighting or nothing)

War between Prussia and Austria. This war broke the Pragmatic Sanction. Prussia won and gained Silesia.

He reformed the education and legal system. Also he built canals to help internal trade and stabalized prices. he broke the Pragmatic Sanction by attacking Austria (Maria Theresa)

Austria vs Prussia. On European continent, they were fighting over territory. Off of the European continent, Austria’s allies (France and Russia) vs Prussia’s ally (Britain). Prussia and Britain win. To end it, Treaty of Paris (1763), no major changes in Europe. Off the continent, Britain got France’s colonies in North America.

He was an enlightened writer. He wrote about the origins of man, and other enlighteny stuff like that. He helped create a German nationalism and unity feeling. He helped move forward the "storm and stress" aka strum and drang movement. He was all for German Nationalism

This happened sometime during this time period. Gross deutsch was a unified Germany that included Austria. Kleine deutsh was a unified Germany without Austria.

In 1830, he published the "Encyclopedia of Philisophical Sciences" which basically said that history is a pattern of traditions (AKA, history is doomed to repeat itself)

They wanted an elected parliament and a unified Germany. They offered the Crown to Fredrick William IV, but he declined the offer because it was a "Crown from the gutter" (I don't think he was right in the head. Who wouldn't want to have all of that power??)

Lorenzo de Medici was the ruler. he was powerful because he was a patron of the arts and they were a banking family.

Son of Pope Alexander VI. He wanted to unite the city states of Italy. he was greatly admired by Machiavelli.

the ruler of Florence. He ruled from the background. He was a patron of the arts

a Dominican Friar who convince people to burn priceless art because it was too secular. he was got killed because the Medici's thought he was going too far and too crazy

It was in Rome

This was a book meant for Cesare Borgia's son so that he could continue his father's ideal. It gave guidelines to being a great ruler. "Better to be feared than to be loved"

This was caused by the invasion of Charles V, when he invaded with an alliance with Ludvico Il Moro

This book talked about the perfect Renaissance man and how he should act.

He wanted prisoners to be treated better and wanted the death penalty completely abolished.

He said that the sun was the center of the universe, everything revolves around the sun, and pooped on the view of the Catholic church. Of course, the Catholic church was furious with what he said and wanted him to take it all back.

The unification of Italy. 3 groups- Neo Gulfs (under the pope), Young Italy (republic), Sardinians (constitutional monarchy)

3 goals of the Congress of Vienna- prevent further war, give compensation to winning countries for lost resources, and return old rulers to power. Parts of Italy were given to Austria

they were unsuccessful because the Pope called in French troops, which shut down all the rebellions.

he was a Leader of the Young Italy group. He wanted Italy to be a republic