APEURO Maaya Julie Annie

first great artist for the Italian Renaissance

new Italian Renaissance technique: shading

Father of humanism

introduced Greek literature to Western Europe

-challenged misogyny and stereotypes
-author and poet
-Europe’s first professional woman writer

-architect and engineer of Italian Renaissance
-discovery of perspective
-engineering the dome of the Florence Cathedral

-early Renaissance Italian painter and sculptor
-bas-relief (a form of shallow relief sculpture)
-perspectival illusionism

first of the Medici political dynasty

-Renaissance painter
-recreating lifelike figures and movements as well as a convincing sense of 3D

-Italian humanist
-best known for his textual analysis that proved that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery

-warrior pope
-led military efforts to prevent French domination of Italy
-close relationship with Michelangelo and his patronage of artists like Raphael

-ruler of Florentine Republic during the Italian Renaissance
-great contribution to the art world

Savonarola controls Florence

-"Renaissance man"
-his art like Mona Lisa
-technological ingenuity

-Italian Renaissance sculptor
-development of Western art
-pioneered Mannerist style
-St. Peter’s Basilica

-Renaissance author
-The Book of the Courtier
-Italian Renaissance gentlemen of body and soul

-Italian painter architect of the High Renaissance
-clarity of form and ease of composition and its visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur
-The School of Athens

-Charles VIII of France led an army to Italy to reclaim Naples for France, but a league of Italian states defeated him
-then Louis XII occupied the duchy of Milan
-French was retreated from Italy

unites Venice, Milan, and Papal States, the Holy Roman Empire, and Spain against France

conquers Romagna

-Pope Julius II, Ferdinand of Aragon, Emperor Maximilian, and Venice defeats the French

-accepting that the aims of princes like glory and fame can justify the use of immoral means to achieve those ends

-between France and the Papacy

-founds Jesuits

-Dialogue of the Two Chief World Systems and The Starry Messenger
-telescope

-Spain vs. Grand Alliance (Holland, Austria, Brandenburg, and the Italian duchy of Savoy)

-On Crimes and Punishments
-stricter and appropriate crimes

-imposes Catholicism and kicks out Jews and Muslims

-divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Portugal and Spain

-last king of the House of York
-defeated at the Wars of the Roses
-regarded as the end of the Middle Ages in England

-Series of conflicts waged form 1337 to 1453 between the Kingdom of England and he Kingdom of France and their various allies for control of the French throne.

-House of York vs. House of Lancaster in England
-Lancaster wins

Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated the helicocentric model. Also published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

first Tudor king of England

Church of England gave up their power to formulate church laws without the Kings licence and assent

Anne Boleyn (Henry VIII’s wife) children legitimate heirs to the ENglish throne

Henry VIII as the only supreme head of the Church of England

Created the Anglican Church or the Church of England

King of England and Ireland, and third monarch of the Tudor dynasty. Riots and rebellions often took place because of the economic problems and social unrest.

First Act of Uniformity imposes Book of Common Prayer on English churches

restores Catholic doctrine

fashions an Anglican religious settlement

served to define the doctrine of the Church of England

Executed by her second cousin, Elizabeth. Mary had plotted Elizabeth’s assasination.

British joint-stock company and megacorporation formed for pursuing trade with the East Indies

James V of Scotland rules England

-discussion between King James I of England and representatives of Church of England, including leading English Puritans
-Puritans complain through the Millenary Petition, which the king declines

induction

became the standard for English-speaking Protestants

elected Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V

no one should be compelled to pay any tax or loan without the consent of Parliament, no one should be imprisoned without due process of law

-list of grievances presented to King Charles I of England by the English Parliament but passed by the Long Parliament
-Parliament’s opposition to Charles’s policies

1645: Charles I defeated at Naseby

English military and political leader and later Lord Protector of the Commonwelath of England, Scotland and Ireland.

humans are evil and selfish
strong monarchy!

restricted the use of foreign shipping when trading with England

Protestants are eligible for public employment

between France and England

Plan to kill Charles II, massacre Protestants, and put Duke of York on the English throne

Strength was limited by the Jacobins. He was the elector of Hanover and the second Hanoverian king of Great Britain and Ireland.

Last Roman Catholic Monarch to reign over the Kingdoms of England. Attempt to move the country to absolute Catholicism led to 1688 Revolution and his removal.

gravitational laws

-limits on the powers of the crown
-sets out the rights of Parliament and rules for freedom of speech

William and Mary proclaimed English monarchs

-Social Contract
-limited government
-Tabula Rasa

freedom to worship to Nonconformists who had pledged to the oaths of Allegiance and Supremacy and rejected transubstantiation

Joint reign began when they were offered the throne by the Parliament of England, replacing James ll and Vll.

provides for Hanoverian succession

last of the Stuarts

Two Acts of Parliament: the Union with Scotland Act 1706 passed by the Parliament of England, and the Union with England Act passed in 1707 by the Parliament of Scotland.

king of Great Britain and establishes the hanoverian dynasty

bursts in UK

dominates the British politics

-Enlightenment philosophes
-Wealth of Nations (1776)

Louis XV’s chief minister

Walpole put salt taxes again and there were oppositions

Britain’s transitions to new manufacturing processes. It improved efficienfy of water power, the increasing use of steam power and development of machine tools.

-Great Britain vs. Bourbons in France and Spain, resulting from overlapping interest in their colonial and trade empires
-Hohenzollerns in Prussia vs. Habsburgs HRE and Austria, resulting from territorial conflicts in the HRE

British Imperial power had control of the Indian sub continent.

Iron law of wages: entrepreneurs should keep wages low, because increase of wages will lead to overpopulation

-feminist philosophy
-went against those stereotypical responses for women to have proper education
-women are essential to education because they educate its children and they could be companions to their husbands

prohibited trade union and collective bargaining by British workers

Fought against Britain during Third Coalition of Napoleonic Wars → British victory

cavalry charged into a crowd that demanded a reform of parliamentary representation

-forbade large unauthorized, public meetings
-raised the fines for seditious libel
-speeded up the trials of political agitators
-increased newspaper taxes
-prohibited the training of armed groups
-allowed local officials to search homes in certain disturbed counties

reduced many of the restrictions on Catholic Church

Peasants armed themselves with bows, scythes, sticks and anything possible to force the King to rid himself of his power hungry counsellors.

It created a number of new districts representing heavily urban areas, and it doubled the number of voters to include most middle-class men

Was an attempt to establish a regular working day in the textile industry.

It argued against the Corn Laws, and advocated a free-trade policy that would lower the price of food and increase the profits of industry

No factory or workshop could employ any child under the age of 8 and employees between aged between 8 and 13 were to receive at least 10 hours of education per week.

The potato harvest decreased. It strengthened the support for the repeal of Corn Laws

It placed a high tariff on imported corn, wheat, and other grains

It marked a victory for Britain’s urban population and free trade

1547: Ivan the Terrible becomes Tsar

Years of interregnum between the death of the last Russian Tsar of the Rurik Dynasty, and the establishment of the Romanov Dynasty in 1613.

Founder of the Romanov dynasty who came to the throne as the solution of the dynastic crisis.

Joint rule between half brothers. Ivan died of one of the many illnesses he had.

-He advocated westernization; he expanded Russia’s army, constructed a new navy, built St. Petersburg, improved Russian agriculture by introducing the potato, and strengthened the Russian economy by importing skilled workers
-puts down the revolt of the streltsy
-establishes a synod for the Russian church

Went to central and western Europe to educate himself about the military tactics.

A war between Sweden(Charles XII) and Russia. Russia won, and Sweden’s power in Europe declined as a result of it.

Russia defeats Sweden

ends the Great Northern War

Dies in prison under mysterious circumstances

People are suspicious of Peter

Formal list of positions and ranks in the military, government and the court of Imperial Russia.

Under her reign, Russia expanded its territories and modernized, following the lead of Western Europe.

Decisive conflict that brought Southern Ukraine, Northern Caucasus and Crimea within the orbit of the Russian Empire.

This rebellion marked the end of Catherine’s program of enlightened reforms, and she gave the nobles additional privileges and absolute power over their estates and serfs

Succeeded his brother Alexander l as emperor and suppressed the Decembrist Revolt. His reign came to represent autocracy, militarism, and bureaucracy.

Nicholas I suppressed the Decembrists, who called for constitutional reform

The emancipation of the serfs, creation of regional self-government through elected assemblies

Adopted programs, based on the concepts of Orthodoxy, autocracy and nardonost.

His reign saw Imperial Russia go from being one of the foremost great powers of the world to economic and military collapse.

It established an electoral college consisting of seven German princes to choose the Holy Roman Emperor

commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds

As printing press was invented, it became easier for ideas to spread

against the sales of indulgences

Luther challenges authority of pope and inerrancy of church councils

condemns Luther

Luther translates the New Testament into German

excommunicates Luther for heresy

Luther vs. Zwingli

fails to settle religious differences

1547: Armies of Charles V crush Schmalkaldic League

outlaws Protestant practices

recognizes rights of Lutherans to worship as they please

planetary motion

1618-1625: Bohemian Period Catholic League led by Emperor Ferdinand II vs. Protestant Union led by Frederick V → Ferdinand won

1625-1629: Danish Period Protestants led by King Christian IV vs. Albert of Wallenstein → Catholics won

1630-1635: Swedish Period Gustavus Adolphus (Lutheran king of Sweden) defeated Wallenstein

1635-1648: French Period French, Dutch, and Swedish armies burned German farms and destroyed German commerce

Marked the end of Bohemian period

TYW ends, reaffirms cuius regio, eius religio, accepts Calvinism

It guaranteed Maria Theresa’s right to inherit the Habsburg throne and territories

Enlightenment approach to Judaism

HRE and Prussia unite against France under the Revolution Restoration of absolutism in France was of “common interest to all sovereigns of Europe"

It dissolved the student associations, and censored books and newspaper

He began forging the Hohenzollern territories into a strong power; he received loyalty of the Junkers, who in exchange received full power over the serfs

rules Austria and resists the Turkish invasions

Put emphasis on the Prussian military

builds up the military power of Prussia

violates the Pragmatic Sanction

writer, artist, and politician. Wrote The Sorrows of Young Werther

German classical composer

German philosopher who revolutionized European philosophy, and an important precursor to Marxism

Theory of surplus value: workers produce the “profit” but only get paid wages. This is industrial theft. Workers must share profits.

rules Austria and secures agreement to the Pragmatic Sanction

Frederick seized Silesia, ignoring the Pragmatic Sanction
France supported Prussia, England supported Austria
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle → confirmed Prussia’s status as a great power

Austrian classical composer

Tried to restore legitimacy and balance of power in Europe 1848: Austria abolishes serfdom

Garden of Earthly Delights

Dutch humanist

"In Praise of Folly"

A leader who led the Dutch against Spanish, became the Stadtholder

Later the ruler of England

Duke of Alba to punish the ringleaders of the recent political and religious troubles in the Netherlands

The governor of Spanish Netherlands

Alliance of the provinces of Habsburg Netherlands to fight against Spain

Unified the northern provinces of the Netherlands

Displaced the Portuguese and gained control of the spice trade in the East Indies

Stadtholder in the Netherlands, later became the ruler of England

Ends the War of the Spanish Succession

Returned to Portugal with pepper and cinnamon

Holy League defeated the Ottoman Empire

Forces of Hungary defeated by forces of the Ottoman Empire

Greek won independence from the Ottomans, with the help of Russia, France, Great Britain, and other European countries