1st Semester Timeline

Period of economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism.

King of England during Reformation.

Religious revolt of towns and villages used to remain politically free and independent.

Peasant leaders followed in Luther's teachings of Christian freedom, and revolted against their landlords.

William of Nassau, the Prince of Orange, placed the political autonomy and well-being of Netherlands above religious creeds. Maintained Catholic practices until 1567, the year he turned Lutheran, and turned Calvinist in 1572.

Emperor Charles V forced Pope Paul II to call a general council of the church to reassert church doctrine.

Queen of England, and entered a highly unpopular political marriage with Phillip II of Spain. England reverted back to Catholic ways and Protestants were condemned for heresy and discriminated.

Successor of her half-sister Mary I, she returned England back to the Protestant ways, and made the Anglican Church inflexible.

Huguenots began being prosecuted after the capture of the French king Francis I (1525), and then Protestants plastered Paris and others with anti-Catholic placards (October 1534) followed by mass-arrests. THe monarch began to discriminate on the Protestants.

Revision of Thomas Cranmers's original forty-two and modern Protestantism the official religion within the Church of England.

Son of May Stuart, Queen of Scots, and expected to ruled with a minimum of consultation. Many religious dissenters began to leave England and James' court became center for scandal and corruption, and increased religious suspicion against Catholics

Philip of Spain attempted to impose his reign in the Netherlands.

Henry of Navarre was the last of Henry II's sons to wear the crown. He led the Huguenots during the Religious wars. He succeeded Henry III after he was assassinated, and and created the Edict of Nantes, that proclaimed a formal religious settlement.

(Dutch Revolt) After the Spanish Fury (Spanish mercenaries leaving 7,00 dead after Requesen died), ten largely Catholic southern provinces came together with seven largely Protestant northern provinces, in an unified opposition of Spain

(Dutch Revolt) After the Spanish broke the Union of Brussels and the Union of Arras (southern provinces) made peace with Spain, the northern provinces responded by forming the Union of Utrecht.

Spanish ships, first put together by Philip II to invade England, after Mary Queen of Scots was to be executed by Elizabeth.

Also known of Henry of Navarre, he was assassinated by a Catholic fanatic, and is remember for Edict of Nantes and political and economic policies

As he ascended to the throne at the age of five, Cardinal Mazarin directed the French government, who heavily believed in divine right, and tried to give Louis much power.

Royalists (House of Lords) against Parliamentarians (House of Common), struggle for power.
Stuarts: Scottish family that wanted English power.
Cromwell: Lead reorganization of Parliamentary army.

Under Louis XIV, France achieved the firm authority, from Louis' absolutism., and devoted much energy to his political tasks. Created Versailles, to emphasized his prominence and moved the capital to the small French city.

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and took office after his father Charles I was executed. Took after Oliver Cromwell, but after his death, Charles was asked to ruled again.

(English Civil War) 1649-1660, England was a Puritan Republic, dominated by Cromwell.

A series of widespread rebellions among French nobles from the centralizing policies of Mazarin and Richelieu.

Charles II restored to old ways, lead with Anglican Church.

Was king of England, and helped spare fear among Catholics after the Edict of Nantes was abolished.

James II reign was looked down upon, and WIlliam of Orange invaded England, and ended with him, WIlliam III and his wife Mary becoming the new monarchs.

Put in place by Mary and WIlliam , that limited the power of the monarchs and guaranteed the civil liberties, but prohibited Roman Catholics from taking the throne.

People began to use reasoning, scientific method, and began to stray away from the church, causing the end of the Witch trials.

Fought betweenSweden's Charles XII and a coalition lead by Peter the Great, and by the end, Sweden had lost their supremacy as the leading power, replaced by Russia.

Act of Parliament that, since 1701, has regulated the succession to the throne of Great Britain.

The last Habsburg king of Spain, Charles II, died without heir, and all inheritance fell to Philip V. The Grand Alliance was formed to preserve the balance power, after France became in control of Spain and their trade.

After he took the throne of Austria, he realized he had no heir, and didn't want power to fall to the Spanish Habsburg. So, he created the Pragmatic Sanction, which provided legal basis for a single line of inheritance within the Habsburg dynasty through his daughter, Maria Theresa.

Ended the War of Spanish Succession.

John Law believed an increase in the paper-money supply would stimulate France's economic economy, and created the MIssissippi Company, that also took over the management of the French national debt. THe bank, though, lacked enough gold to redeem all the paper and all gold payments were halted.

After Captain Robert Jenkins appeared before a committee of the House of Commons, and showed his amputated ear, from Spanish coast guards. From the outrage, Walpole was forced into war with Spain.

Embodied enlightened absolutism more than any ruler of the age, he forged a state than commanded the loyalty of the military, nobility, clergy and middle class, had so Frederick had the confidence to permit for open discussion of Enlightened ideals.

After Maria Theresa ascended to the Throne, Frederick the Great of Prussia attack Silesia in 1740, and was joined by France, Spain, Saxony and Bavaria against Austria and Britain. THe war ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, which restored all conquered lands.

Period of innovations in farm production by landlords in Western Europe.

Following the War of Austrian Succession, Great Britain allied with Prussia, and Austria allied with France so win back Silesia, and lead eventually to the Seven Year's War.

Frederick the Great invaded Saxony, and gained the allied of Great Britain, Russia, , lead by the victories of Great Britain, orchestrated by William Pitt, by sending more troops into America against France, leaving them weak. The War ended with the Treaty of Paris.

The period of sustained economic growth from industrialization of the European economy.

Longest-ruling female leader of Russia, she extended the borders of Russia, won several wars, and brought educational reform

Invented by James Hargreaves, it allowed 16 spindles of thread to be spun, but by the end of the century, it could operate 120.

French military and political leader, who rose to prominence during the late stages of the French Revolution and its associated wars in Europe. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1815.

Invented by RIchard Arkwright, it was design to permit the production of purely cotton fabric rather than a cotton fabric containing linen fabric for durability.

As the 13 British colonies rebelled for high taxes and the Intolerable Acts, established their own government, making the United States of America.

Made by James Watt using Thomas Newcomen's model, the steam engine used burning coal, provided a portable source of industrial power that did not fail as the seasons changed.

The French government could not command sufficient taxes to finance itself, and led it to ongoing conflicts with aristocratic institutions, Louis XVI and ministers were required to summon the Estates General.

After falling into a financial crisis, the Estates General was called. However, most responsibilities of taxes and work fell to the Third Estate, who fought back, sparking the Revolution.

Finding themselves locking out, the National Assembly moved to an indoor tennis court, and the members took an oath to continue until that had given France a constitution.

Rumors that royal troops would be sent into the royal districts intensified the peasant disturbances along the French countryside.

After Louis XVI stationed soldiers around Paris and bread prices went up. So, large crowds of Parisians, marched to the Bastille to get weapons for the militia.

Aristocrats in the National Constituent Assembly attempted to halt the spreading disorder in the countryside, and so the nobles and clerics gave up their higher rights, and all citizens became equal.

The Assembly issued this, proclaiming that all men were born and remain free and equal in rights. The natural rights proclaimed were liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression, and Governments existed to protect these rights.

After Louis XVI stalled ratifying the Declaration on the RIghts of Man and aristocratic renunciation of feudalism, and bread still remained scarce. Some 7,000 armed women marched to Versailles demanding more bread.

THe major political authority of the national would be a unicameral Legislative Assembly, in which all laws would originate. the power to make war and peace.

A mod of nearly 30,000 French citizens advanced toward the Tuileries Palace to capture Louis XVI, but he had be given information earlier, and moved himself and family to the Legislative Assembly building.

Convention was called together to write a democratic constitution. The first act was declaring France a republic.

Convicted Luis of conspiring against the liberty of the people and the security of the state, and condemned to death by a smaller majority.

Military requisition on the entire population, conscripting males into and direction economic production to military purposes.

Result of actions by leaders to protect the revolution and silence dissent.

Jaques Danton, who had provided heroic national leadership was accused of being suffiently miliant, and rejecting the link between politics and moral virtue

He was turned against for becoming too powerful and declared that others were conspiring against him in the Convention, and so he was arrested, and executed.

The Thermidorian Reaction led to still another new constitution led to the Convention issuing the Constitution of Year III, which reflected the rejection both constitutional monarch and democracy .

Through the Constitution of the Year III, a legislature was created with two house-- the Council of Elders and Council of Five Hundred. The executive body was to be a five-person Directory chosen out of Five-Hundred by the Elders.

The French defeated the Prussian Army under Wilhelm, and the great Prussian army collapsed.