Black Social Movements

Leader: Herbert Hoover; targeted all leftist groups and leaders (MLK, SCLC, NAACP, CORE, Shakur, Black Panther Party).

Robert F. Williams broadcasted shows including music, news, and commentary from exile in Cuba; used the station to call for assertive action among blacks during Watts Riots.

Founder: Max Sanford; dedicated to destruction of capitalism and white racism; black militant Maoist; first casualties of COINTELPRO.

Amiri Baraka; artistic branch of Black Power movement; sought to create politically engaging work that explored black cultural and historical experience; led to creation of African-American Studies programs at universities.

Marquette Frye; Rebellion against police discrimination and residential segregation.

Founded by Newton and Seale; Assata Shakur; Ten-Point Program; black nationalism; counterculture icon; COINTELPRO.

James Meredith shot; MLK (SCLC) and Carmichael (SNCC) finished march for him.

Stokely Carmhicael; Black nationalism.

Continuation of Black Panther Party; Shakur; anti-capitalist, anti-racist, anti-sexist, anti-imperialist.

Prisoners seized control of prison and demanded better living conditions.

LAPD officers who beat up Rodney King acquitted; economic deterioration and frustration of blacks.

Founders: Faith Ringgold, Michele Wallace, Doris Wright, Margaret Sloan-Hunter; addressed unique issues affecting female African-Americans.

Founder: Barbara Smith; "interlocking oppressions"; Combahee River Collective Statement; Angela Davis.

Term coined by Alice Walker; black feminist committed to well being of all humanity; Erica Huggins in Black Panther Party.

Black female attorney Anita Hill accuses nominated Chief Justice Clarence Thomas of having made harassing sexual comments towards her.

Full-page statement in NY Times supporting Anita Hill.

Leader: Angela Davis; Elaine Brown; Shakur; Mumia Abu Jamal; Prison-Indutrial Complex: job creator, profit-maker.

Operation Breadbasket; PUSH

Focused on broad progressive social injustice, racial equality, and economic justice; tied to Communist Party; Pan-Africanism Freedom Agenda.

Basis for BRC mission statement; 15 objectives dealing with a racial and economic justice.

Marcus Garvey (UNIA); Du Bois; Malcolm X; Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture); Negritude; encourages solidarity of Africans worldwide.

"Les Trois Pere": Leopold Sedar Senghor (president of Senegal), Aime Cesaire, Leon Damas; rejection of European colonisation; Marixst; developed in France.

Frantz Fanon supported Algerian struggle for independence - became member of Algerian National Liberation Front; he inspired other anti-colonial liberation movements, and his book "Les Damne de la Terre" inspired Malcolm X, Che, and Palestinians. James Baldwin.

Opposed by MLK

Aims were to promote Third Worldism, promoto Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation; important step towards Non-Aligned Movement.

Opposed SA's system of apartheid and supported non-whites; led boycotts.

Founders: Tito, Sukarno, Abdel Nasser, Nkrumah, Nehru; attempted to ensure national independence against imperialism during Cold War.

Supported Africa Liberation Day to raise awareness of anti-colonial movements in Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and Angola. Supports African struggles against colonialism and apartheid.

UNESCO; works against racist ideologies and behaviours.