Semester 1 Timeline Project

2 popes: 1 in Rome, 1 in Avignon---> Charles V elected new pope
that lives in Avignon

-about 100,000 people killed as "witches"
-magic, (women cast spells...It was REAL!), peasants not conforming to Christianity (pagan traditions), economic issues, misogynistic attitude, and the Reformation were all reasons for these hunts

-Chritopher Columbus discovered the New World
-reached peak of political and economic power
-global power

asserted supremacy and elected a new pope (Martin V)
Regular meetings (5-->7-->10 years)

-for Atlantic Ocean exploration
-portugal and spain are explored during this time

-invented by Johann Guttenburg before they died in 1468 in the HRE
-spread Humanism, Eramus and Luther's books

-Went through the 17th century
-shift focus away from the Eng. Industrial Rev

-many novels banned
-northern Humanist

-Ferdinand r. 1479-1516
-Isabella r. 1574-1504
-once married (1469) their countries allied and they were stronger

-Heliocentric
-built on Aristotle's ideas
-On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres Published 1543

printing press, Erasmus, Humanism and Reform (Germany, France, England, Spain)

-Society of Jesus:
-male religious order from the Roman Catholic Church
-Jesuit:
- extremity

-began when Columbus discovered the "new world"
-animals, technology, disease, etc
-all different
-native americans and europeans traded everything!

Venice=major part, city-states fighting against each other-->not united and WEAK

-France invaded italy to decline their power

-wrote about Erasmus
-destruction and rebuilding of St. Peter's Basilica
-Michelangelo's pianting on the cieling of the Sistine Chapel

English reformation, needed a son-->marrying 6 times->Edward

Established Calvinism: extreme protestants
Reformation of Geneva
Geneva: Elected officials favorable to Calvin
Calvin: Justification by faith alone
Predestination, Stern moralist,

-posted his greivances to start discussion and ended in making a religion

Protestant reformation. Started in Holy Roman Empire (free cities) and Switzerland (has money) because of the printing press and humanism

greivances, starts discussion (common practice), didn't intend on starting a religion...at first. He was angered by the selling of indulgences

in years of High Renaissance, influenced and reacted to naturalism

presented his views before them, but he thought it would go against the Scripture. only go to Bible. denied the infallibility of the pope (pope makes mistakes). This made him an "outlaw" to secular and religious authority. Translated old Testament into German

revolted against landlords...Luther condemned them as "un-Christian", princes to crush revolt

-A.K.A. William the Silent
-main leader of the Dutch revolt
-set off eight years' war

-Published in 1537 (5 years after his death).
-Written to enlighten people on what he thought an appropriate leader would be for their country/principality

-she had her head cut off using the guillitine
-A.K.A. Mary Queen of Scots

-no doctrinal changes
-eliminates corruption
-stop selling of indulgences

-had own island for observation
-collects data to support geocentric ideas
-Johannes Kepler was his assistant
-had different noses known for his gold nose

-Eng. Reform: explained in reformation
-Act of Supremacy: declaration that Henry was the head of the Church in England in 1534

-A.K.A. "Bloody Mary"
-remembered for her restoration of Roman Catholicism after Edward's (her half-brother) short reign
-killed many who did not want to convert to Catholicism

-happened in HRE to end religious diversity
-made it less fragmented

-Cuius Regio, Eius Religio
-ruler of the land picks the religion

-Established English Pratestant church
-politique

-39 Articles: (est. 1563)
-religion
-Roman Catholic Church and Protestants

-Empiricism
-Certain of truth
-scientific
- collects and tests data
-Novum Organum
-book he worte and published
-Idols: false notions that cloud understanding of surrounding

Huguenots and Catholics
balance of Power between Bourbons and Hapsburgs

-Codeified English language

-first monarch of england from the house od Tudor
-fought with Parliament --> a factor of the English Civil War(ECW)
- his son tried to rule the way he did and it caused the ECW and then his son was executed at the end of the war

-Pacification of Ghent:
-Netherlands and Holland agreed religious toleration and
to ally against Spain and fight with each other
-Union of Utrecht:
-William of Orange united 17 provinces in Union of Utrecht
-Duke of Alba: one of the leaders in the revolt
-Duke of Parma: another Leader in the revolt

-When Brahe dies, he took his data to support Kepler's idea of a helio-centric universe
-Discovered with Brahe-s data that planetary orbitals are elliptical not circular
-wrote The New Astronomy

Coligny and 3,000 fellow Huguenota were buthered in Paris, a total of approximately 20,000 Huguenots were killed in France

-"Fancy" art found in palaces and castles of the rulers
-scenes from the Bible
-religious and secular ends

-Leviathon 1651
-about English Civil War
-in the state of nature, man is evil and selfish
-thought Absolue government was best
-rights taken away -> gov't pretects you from yourself

Defeated by Eng., 1/3 of the Spanish didnt return

royal absolutism, limited power of parlements, assinated, monpoly on gunpowder, mines, and salt

-about 200 years
-products and goods consumed by individuals of different economic and social backgrounds
-allowed everyone to buy similar products as those of upper
and middle class people

-Discourse on Method published 1637
-MUST doubt EVERYTHING!
-Cartesiam Dualism
-2 Worlds of existence
-Body
-Mind

-gave Calvinists rights in France, which was still a Catholic country

-Louis the XIV renounced the Edict and declared Protestantism illegal with the Edict of Fontainebleau

Spanish writer...Don Quixote mocking society

-Prime minister was Cardinal Richelieu
-who ruled for Louis until he was abe to rule for himself

in HRE, last and most destructive of the Religious wars
Catholics against Protestants and Calvinists: Political and
Religious differences
Ended by the Treaty of Westphalia

-Jansenist
-Crypto-Calvinist
-Leap of Faith

-excuted
-English Civil War
-Many other wars

-In state of nature man is generally good
-Tablua Rasa
-blank slate, everyone starts w/ one
-Representative Gov't
-govt protects natural rights -> overthrow if needed
-Treatises on Gov't (1st and 2nd)

-put under house arrest for vehement suspicion of heresy

-Short: expressed refusal of House of Common Life
-Long: pass financial bills

Cromwell: alliance with scotland and reorganization of Parl.
(Puritan republic) Parliament Victory
Parl. abolished monarchy, house of lords, & anglican church
Glorious Rev: repeal of test act by James II,
Bill of Rights (William of Orange and Mary II)
Tolersation Act
Restoration/Charles II: Test Act,

-A.K.A. Sun King or Louis the Great
-cheif minister Mazarin
-took rule after his death
-France was leading European power and they fought three major wars: Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg and the War of the Spanish Succession
-France was in debt already and they became even more in debt b/c of the funding of the wars

-trade, science, military, and art were all improved in this time period

-helped drive the industrial revolution
-innovative farm productions that led to scientific and mechanized agriculture
-enclosure method: rotate crops every couple years or so, it allows the land to refertilize which allows the crops to grow better
-low countries are netherlands and Germany

-Investigate Natural Philosophy...happening in societies, not the universities
-Margaret Cavendish: Only woman allowed to go to the meetings in the societies

-first published on this date
-has Gravitational laws, Kepler's planetary motin laws, etc -> one of the most important scientific books in history

-Candide
-French Enlightentment writer, philosopher and historian

-spread of science
-state got involved
-society became orderly

-settle succession english and irish crowns for the granddaughter of James I and he protestant heirs

-Charles II died w/o direct heirs power went to Philip of Anjou --> Philip V of Spain
-Eng., Holland & HRE= Grand Alliance to balance all power
-Fr. went to war w/ inadequate finances
-Fr. made peace w/ Eng. at Utrecht in 1713, and holland march 1714 at rastatt

-"Fancier" then Baroque (Rococo)

-many neoclassical painters used scenes of heroism and self-sacrifice

-Rococo "fancier" than baroque
-many neoclassical painters used scenes of heroism and self-sacrifice

-Pragmatic Sanction:
-didn't have a male heir
-made sure his daughter would be able to take over the
throne after he died

-idea of General Will
-Emile 1762
-"best and most important of all my writings"
-Social Contract 1762
- man is born free

Prussia got Silesia, Spain renewed GB's to import slaves into Spanish colonies (from treaty)

-died of gangrene
-disease

-marketing scheme
-bubble burst in 1720

-Wealth of Nations published 1776
-about economics

-conflict between GB and Spain
-one of the leader's ears were cut off and he gave it to his Fiance

-Considered an enlightened despot
-attacked Austria and claimed Sliesia for Prussia
-Prussia has an outstanding army
-nephew had to take over after he died b/c he didn't have a son

-daughter of Charles VI
-pragmatic sanction made for her to have rule

-Charles V no male heir --> Pragmatic Sanction (allows Maria Theresa to be ruler)
-Charles dies in 1740 --> break PS and Prussia invades, they get Silicia
-Keeps Hapsburgs from expanding...Fr. and Prussia (allied with GB) are always fighting

-Spinning Jenny: 1765 invented by James Hargreaves, 16 spindles of thread to be spun at a time -> end of cuentury it was able to operate 120 spindles
-Water Frame: invented by Richard Arkwright, water powered device designed of purely cotton fabric
-Steam Engine: perfected by James Watt 1769 but invented by Thomas Newcomen, portable source of industrial power, used in mines to pump water out of the coal and tin mines

-reversal of the long standing alliances in the war of Austrian Succession

-France and Prussia against Great Britian and Austria -> Great Britian and Prussia against France and Austria....Hapsburgs and Bourbons working with each other...france was weak they had troops in new world
-Ended by Treaty of Paris (balanced power of France and Spain, GB got more power)

-Vind. of Rts. of Women published 1792
-argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, we are
less educated

-Enlightened despot
-had to give power to the nobles so she could stop the peasant revolts

-Enlightened despot
-had no sons so hs younger brother took over after he died

-Principle of Population published anonimously in 1798
-Iron Law of Population

-Iron Law of Wages
-often crdited for systemizing economics

estates general called 1789
nobles renounced feudal priv. 8.4.1789
storming of bastille 7.14.1789
march of fishwives 10. 5-6.1789
legislative assembly meets 10.1.1791
tuileries stormed king captive 8.10.1792
convention meets monarch abolished 9.21.1792
Louis XVI exxcuted 1.21.1793
Conts. of year III 8.22.1795
Directory 11.9.1799 overthrown
tennis Court oath 6.20.1789
Great fear july 1789
rts of man and citizen 8.27.1789
war w/ austria
levee en masse 8.23.1793
reign of terror 9.5.1793
danton excuted 4.6.1794
fall of robespierre 7.27.1794
Napoleon-coup Brumaire 11.9.1799

-Roman Catholic Church under French Government
-supposed to settle the Church from confiscating land and collecting tithes

-Intended to replace Christianity
-astethic belief system

-form of Deism in France est. by Robespierre during the French Rev.
-intended to become the state religion
-announced before th Nat'l Convention