European History Events

major Italian poet of the Middle Ages. Wrote Dantes inferno.

Considered "Father of humanism." First great humanist thinker and a scholar of Latin.

Italian author and poet, a friend and student of petrarch. Wrote the Decameron.

This allowed books and reading materials to be printed faster. This led to increase in knowledge in Europe.

A humanist and an early proponent of religious toleration, and often called "Prince of the Humanists"

In the Prince, Machiavelli writes about the science of politics which would be used for centuries to come.

Shared the heliocentric views of copernicus opposing the common Ptolemy's geocentric system.

Wrote comedy, tragedy and morality plays.

advocated the scientific method during the scientific revolution which supports coming to a conclusion based on measurable data.

In Don Quixote, Cervantes Satirized the chivalry of the spanish court and the medieval institutions of the state.

provided strong arguments for heliocentrism and contributed valuable insight into the movement of the planets, including the first mention of their elliptical path and the change of their movement to the movement of free floating bodies as opposed to objects on rotating spheres

Found the ellipses in the planets rotations and proved the heliocentric view using Brahe's data.

a French Jansenist mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer and Christian philosopher.Pascal also wrote of the scientific method. Said believe in god just in case.

Deductive reasoning ideas of rene.

The work concerns the structure of society and legitimate government, and is regarded as one of the earliest and most influential examples of social contract theory

known as the Father of Classical Liberalism, was an English philosopher. His ideas included the freedom of life,liberty and Property. He called men a "tabula rasa" (or blank page in the state of nature)

The Principia states Newton's laws of motion, law of universal gravitation, and a derivation of Kepler's laws of planetary motion. Later, this inspired thinkers to believe if the world was rational, so too should the society.

French satire first published in 1759 by Voltaire, a philosopher of the Age of Enlightenment to mock optimistic views.

The Social Contract argued against the idea that monarchs were divinely empowered to legislate

free markets and cappitalism

Human suffering is unevietable and there isn't enough resources to supply the society.

Idea on Lazza faire.

Pope moves to Avignon because of conflict in Italy.

Wycliff wanted to get rid of the of the political influence of the church. Church should be based on merit not title.

John Huss was a religous reformer. His ideas were similar to Wycliff. He was killed fo speaking out against the church.

Two men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope. Driven by politics rather than any theological disagreement, the schism was ended by the Council of Constance (1414–1418). The simultaneous claims to the papal chair of two different men hurt the reputation of the office.

Ended the Great Schism and made one pope (Martin V).

"The Warrior Pope" He was an opponet of the borgia family and drove venetians out of Romagna.

Luther Attacks the selling of indulgences (remission of sins).

The protests against clerical abuses, especially the sale of indulgences.

Luther denies the infallibility of the pope was ordered to recant ideas, but didn't and was kicked out. Spread his ideas even further after this.

Ignatius found the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) and was its first Superior General. Ignatius emerged as a religious leader during the Counter-Reformation. Loyola's devotion to the Catholic Church was characterized by unquestioning obedience to the Catholic Church's authority and hierarchy.

Developed the idea that one's destiny is already decided. Formed the idea of the "Elect"- the one's already decided to go to heaven. His ideas formed into the religion of Calvanism.

Decided that the ruler picked the religion( cius religio, eius religio) but between lutheranism and catholism.

In order to gain power over king, feudal lords become hugenot to resist king.
St. Bartholomew's day 1572 - 3000 huguenots killed by the catholic militant family, "Cruise".

3000 huguenots killed by the militant Catholic family "Cruise"

This gave the protestants in france civil liberties and ended the French Wars of religion.

Religion wars between Catholic vs. Protestants and Calvinist and Lutherans.
4 periods :-
bohemian, danish, swedish, swedish-french.

Condemned by the church for opposing their ideas.

Louis XIV, the grandson of Henry IV, drove an exodus of Protestants, and increased the hostility of Protestant nations bordering France.

style of Medieval art that developed in France out of Romanesque art in the mid-12th century,

Humanism begins to emerge. Lots of art and education.

More about religion than the southern. Based on Italian learning.

Artists:- Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and early Michelangelo. Mannerism is notable for its intellectual sophistication as well as its artificial (as opposed to naturalistic) qualities.

style that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail. The palace of Versailles is a prime example.

Art that was ornate and made strong usage of creamy, pastel-like colours, asymmetrical designs, curves and gold. Unlike the more politically focused Baroque, the Rococo had more playful and often witty artistic themes.

art that drew inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome

Forced to call the Estates because the bank refused to grant the king short-term credit . King agreed to meet with the Estates General through his advisor, Brienne.

About 7000 fishwives marched to Versailles demanding more bread.

To stop the riots, nobles gave up their rights. THis made everyone "equal".

drew on political language of the enlightenment. Equality among everyone.

Ist of many Journees. The people of Paris storm down the Bastille killing troops and freeing 7 prisoners.

The new Natonal Assembly agreed not to disband until a constitution had been written.

fear that the royal trrops would be sent to rural areas
-peasants burned records of feudal dues
-attacked nobles

Transformed church into a arm of state. The clergy who rejected were called "refractory". French citizens were divided in two.

The national constituent assembly as a whole.

the National Convention of France announcing that it had abolished the French monarchy on 21 September 1792 and created a first republic.

Started after the King was executed
-Robespierre declared that all rights to a significant trial with much evidence were suspended
-Many people fall victim to the guillotine

-Wrote women instead of men in the declaration od men and citizen.
-Was angry at the idea that men and women have different spehres.

an atheistic belief system established in France and intended as a replacement for Christianity during the French Revolution.

a military conscription of all males

The king killed by the guillotene

orm of deism established in France by Maximilien Robespierre during the French Revolution. It was intended to become the state religion of the new French Republic.

killed becuase of being insufficiently militant on the war.

People started seeing him as a dictator so he was eventually killed.

Monarchy ended.

-Replaced the monarchy after the Constitution of Year III

Overthrew the Directory for power