1st semester timeline

France's king Charles V lent support to the cardianls to keep the papacy
2 popes
Concilliar theory of Church Gov't Council of Pisa
Council of Constance Council of Basel
Consenquences:
greater responsibilities onnto the latity and secular gov'ts
secular control of national or territorial churches increased
ing asserts power over church

French peasant uprising

permitted men and women to live a shared religious life without making formal vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience
Printing Press
Erasmus
Humanism and Reform

elected Martin V as pope after the three contending popes had either rsigned or been deposed

created by Johann Gutenburg
creates an istant authority for anone who reads
rulersin church and state now had to deal with less credulous and less docile laity
powerful tool for propaganda

most famous humanist
mixed classical ideals of humanity and civic virtue with Christian ideals of love and piety

Machiavelli wrote "The Prince" in 1513 as cynical satire on the way rulers actually do behave and not as a serious reccomendation of unprincipled despotic rule
Machiavellian Ruler

Christoper Columbus's second trip to the Americas brought disease and new livestock.
disease - syphilis
animals - with new animals came new agriculture and crops

supressed Borgias & placed their lands of Romagna under papal jurisdiction

Married Catherine (Spain) have child, Mary
Henry was also involved w/ Anne Boleyn
the Covocation reconized Henry as the headofthe church of England
Thomas Cranmer invalidating Hery's marriage to Catherine allowing him to marry Anne Boleyn

Jane Seymour gave him the boy h wanted - Edward VI
Got rid of Protestantry

Calvinism
Calvin, along with Farel, abolished religious ceremonies and holidays withing Geneva
Organized Genevan Church into 4 offices
1) Pastors 2) teachers or doctors to teach and defend true doctrine 3)elders 4) deacons - despense things topoor people

Luther posts 95 thesis, which protested against the selling of indulgences.
Mostly against John Tetzel and his creation of the card that remmited sins and released unrepentant sinners from punnishment in purgatory
Ideas went far beyond traditional practices and put salvation on the market

Luther challenged infallibilty of the pope and inerrancies of the church councils
Came up with the idea of salvation by faith alone

artistic and philosophic passing of high rennaisance painting

Luther presents ideas
Luther is ordered to recant, but he resists, so then he is dubbed an outlaw

Peasants thought Luther to be an ally
Luther originally sympathsized with the peasants, but when it came time to save his own life, he turned on the peasants during their revolts against the landlords
Ended promise of the Reformation as a social and moral force in history

placed the well being of the state over religion
politique

declares Henry VIII as only supreme ruler of the church of England

In his text he described a heliocentric (sun centered) system and retained epicycles. also he discovered that the further away the planet was from the sun, the longer it took to revolve around it

strengthened the authority of the local bishops so they could effectively dicipline popular religious practices
curtail the sellin of church offices and other religious goods
Preists mus be trained
reaffirmed the traditional Scholastic education of the clergy

advocated the geocentric system, but had ideas that would help Kepler in discovering a heliocentric system and the paths of the planets were not circular, but elyptical

Cervantes wrote Don Quixote, a fictional character, in which was supposed to satirize the chivalric romaces then the popular in Spain
appealed to the philosohes and theologens

Protestant reformation

brought back Catholic religious practices to England

ruler of the land will determine its religion

displayed as life in luxury

made a moderate Protestantism the official religion within the church of England

his works struck many universal human themes, may of which were rooted in contemporary religious traditions

got rid of any Frencch opposition to Pope Gregory XIII, to subdue his rebellious subjects in the Netherlands

unified opposition to Spain

made peace with Spain

Spanish Armada defeated by English

Edict of Nantes
ended hostility between France and Spain

Heugonots of at least qualified religious freedoms reconizing minority religious rights within what was to remain an officially Catholic country

led new model army
defeated royalists in English civil war
conqured Ireland and Scotland
ruled as lord protector

portrayed religious events, mostly from the Bible

advancements in medicine and rationality evoked the dismissal of the theory of witches

publishehd against tobacco, which caused James to rise taxes on it
created a royal monopoly to import tobbacco - helped gov't

took a Copernicus view to the subject and discover that the universe was infact sun centered.
discovered that cirular orbits would not work for a heliiocentric system, but rather epicycles

worked under Louis XIII
powerful chief minister

religious and political differences between Catholics against Protestants and Calvinists against Luherans
Last religious war
casued the mordern nationalism we see today

attacked scholastic belief that most truth had already been discovered, and just needed explination

'leap of faith'
if God does exist, the believer will gain everything, whereas, if God prove not to exist, comparitively little will have been lost by having believed in him

levied new trariffs, attempted to collect discontinued taxes, and subjecting land owners to a forced loan
all because the gov't wouldnt fund England for the war and England lost a ton of money

it showed the forces of religion covering up scientific knowlege

rejected scholastic philosophy & education & advocated thought on mathematical law

Mazarin
-concentrate unprecidented authority in the monarchy
Personal Reign
-Symolized an Absolute Monarchy

restored the English monarcy
also tried scandlous things to gain money from Louis XIV

the restoration of the monarchy after death of Oliver Cromwell

followed Francis Bacon

made sustained attacks on the boyars
developed a navy

Glorious Rev.
direct attack on the local authority of the nobles, landowners, the church and other corprate bodies

inertia applied to bodies both at rest snf in motion.
the planets and all other physical objects in the universe moved through mutual attraction
GRAVITY

limited powers of monarchy and garunteed the civil liberties of the English privlaged classes

proclaimed William of Orange (William II) and Mary II as the new monarchs

First
-cleared philosophical "decks" of a long-standing traditional argument
Second
-argument for a gov't that is both responsible for, & responsive to the concerns of the people

replaces open field method
greater commercial profits

associated with the aristocracies of the Old Regime
portrayed aristocracy as lavish and extravagant

Provided for the English crown to got to the protestant House of Hanover in Germany if Queen Anne died without issues

the Pragmatic Sanction was created by Charles VI to insure a single line of inheritance to the throne (Maria Theresa)

after War of Spanish Sucession, France was in turmoil when Louis died

John Law came up with the Mississippi Company which was a monopoly onm trading privlages with the French Colony of Louisiania in NA

embodied enlightened absolutism
Promotion through merit
most religious toleration
codified Prussian laws

preserved Hapsburg Empire as a major political power

Fredrick II invaded the Austrain province of Silesia and broke Pragmatic Sanction
British stood with Austria against France, which worsened France's chances

Defensive aliance between France and Austria

caused by Fredrick II
left major consequences for the British colonies in North America

satire that attacked war, religious persecution, and unwarrented optimism about humans

outlines Rousseau's perfect political structure
overcome the evils of contemporary politics and society

Centralized authority
Extended religious toleration to Lutherans, Calvinists, and the Greek Orthodox
Also granted Jews the same toleration
Abolished many tarrifs and most of serfdom

permitted the spinning of numerous spindles on a single machine
increased factory work

designed to permit the production of a purely cotton fabric rather than a cotton fabric containing aluminum fibers
increased productivity in factories

gov't should provide schools, armies, navies, and roads
also undertake certain commercial ventures

- four stage theory

james watt
pumped water from mines and in Cornwall

population must eventually strip food supply