HISTORY SEMESTER TIMELINE

Where archaeologists have found the earliest remnants of India.

The social unit in which individuals are born and which dictates most aspects of daily life.

An ancient compilation of teachings from Hindu India. These laws describe the descriptions and behaviors of each caste.

The five oral epics of the Aryans. Told the citizens in Ancient India all of their duties.

Buddha or Enlightened One; His life is well documented; He was the first known king of India; He had many disciples following him.

Chandragupta Maurya, was the founder of the Maurya Empire. He succeeded in conquering almost all of the Indian subcontinent and is considered the first unifier of India as well as its first genuine emperor.

was an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent. One of India's greatest emperors, Ashoka reigned over most of present-day India after a number of military conquests. His empire stretched from the Hindu Kush mountains in Afghanistan to present-day Bangladesh and the Indian state of Assam in the east, and as far south as northern Kerala and Andhra Pradesh

Important in old and new testaments; cities; now Lebanon; Phoenicians territory.

David’s son; most renowned king of the Hebrews.

The main city which later becomes the capital of the Assyrian Empire; on the Eastern bank of the Tigris river.

Also known as the Jewish diaspora, was the historical exile of Jews from the region of the Kingdom of Judah and Roman Judaea, as well as the later emigration from wider Eretz Israel.

Assyrian king; last strong king of the Empire; Library of Assurbanipal.

Third great persian ruler who made the empire reach its peak; uniform coinage, calendar, advanced law code; relative of Cyrus.

New interpretation of the covenant.

or Zoroaster; move towards an ethical religion in Persia.

Zoroastrian Scripture, sacred texts.

The Xia Dynasty is the first dynasty in China to be described in ancient historical chronicles such as Bamboo Annals, Classic of History and Records of the Grand Historian. The dynasty was established by the legendary Yu the Great after Shun, the last of the Five Emperors gave his throne to him. The Xia was later succeeded by the Shang Dynasty.

writing and bronze casting. Oracle bones were made, it was writing on a turtle shell, but then they cracked them for prophecies.

Turtle shells, people would write on them and then crack them for prophecies.

the idea that a ruler was appointed by the gods and they give him the mandate to rule; if his people are happy, he keeps the mandate. If not, he is replaced.

unified empire, extended borders, and records were made in first half; second half was not as successful.

founder of Confucianism, authority on proper behavior, molder of patterns of education; believed the state should be like a harmonious family, headed by males; people should just be nice (gentility).

ounder of Daoism; author of the The Way of the Dao; believed the best government is the least government and the way of nature is perceived through meditation and observation.

philosophy of government rather than private life, strict censorship, justified use of force to make people cooperate; popularized during the Era of Warring States.

A mandarin was a bureaucrat in imperial China, and also in the monarchist days of Vietnam where the system of Imperial examinations and scholar-bureaucrats was adopted under Chinese influence.

Knossos is the largest Bronze Age archaeological site on Crete.

Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization that arose on the island of Crete and came to dominate the shores and islands of the Aegean Sea.

The Mycenaean culture was an early Greek culture during the Bronze Age, on the Greek mainland and on Crete.

attacked by the mycenaeans, wooden horse, lost, Paris and Helen.

The Dorians were one of the four major Greek ethnē into which the Ancient Greeks, or Hellenes, of the Classical period considered themselves divided (along with the Aeolians. Ethnos has the sense of ethnic group. Herodotus uses the word with regard to them. They are almost always referenced as just "the Dorians", as they are in the earliest literary mention of them in Odyssey, where they already can be found inhabiting the island of Crete.

Author of the Odyssey and Illiad

A mythical character created by homer in the story Odyssey. He was lost at sea for 20 years because he committed hubris.

Polis, literally means city in Greek. It could also mean citizenship and body of citizens. In modern historiography "polis" is normally used to indicate the ancient Greek city-states, like Classical Athens and its contemporaries, so polis is often translated as "city-state."

Messenia is a regional unit in the southwestern part of the Peloponnese, one of 13 regions into which Greece has been divided by the Kallikratis plan, implemented 1 January 2011. Before 2011 Messenia was a nomos.

Solon was an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet. He is remembered particularly for his efforts to legislate against political, economic, and moral decline in archaic Athens.

Cleisthenes was a noble Athenian of the Alcmaeonid family. He is credited with reforming the constitution of ancient Athens and setting it on a democratic footing in 508/7 BC.

Ostracism was a procedure under the Athenian democracy in which any citizen could be expelled from the city-state of Athens for ten years. While some instances clearly expressed popular anger at the victim, ostracism was often used preemptively.

The Battle of Salamis was fought between an Alliance of Greek city-states and the Persian Empire in September 480 B.C.E., in the straits between the mainland and Salamis, an island in the Saronic Gulf near Athens. It marked the high-point of the second Persian invasion of Greece which had begun in 480 BC.

The Peloponnesian War, 431 to 404 BC, was an ancient Greek war fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. Historians have traditionally divided the war into three phases. In the first phase, the Archidamian War, Sparta launched repeated invasions of Attica, while Athens took advantage of its naval supremacy to raid the coast of the Peloponnese attempting to suppress signs of unrest in its empire.

The Battle of Chaeronea was fought in 338 BC, near the city of Chaeronea in Boeotia, between the forces of Philip II of Macedon and an alliance of some of the Greek city-states including Athens and Thebes. The battle was the culmination of Philip's campaign in Greece and resulted in a decisive victory for the Macedonians.

was a king of Macedon, a state in northern ancient Greece. Born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander was tutored by Aristotle until the age of 16. By the age of thirty, he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from the Ionian Sea to the Himalayas. He was undefeated in battle and is considered one of history's most successful commanders.

A building on the top of the Acropolis in Athens built by Pericles that required 46 13-ton columns to build. Also required 20,000 tons of marble, $100,000,000 and eight years. the most imitated building in the world. housed a soft statue of patron goddess Athena, called the Pallas Athene, for 92 total statues. used a place for worship

Socrates was a classical Greek Athenian philosopher. Credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, he is an enigmatic figure known chiefly through the accounts of later classical writers.

Plato was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world.

Aristotle was a Greek philosopher and polymath, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great.

Plato describes how humans impressions of the world are completely dependent on senses and how everything has an abstract idea that really defines it. He believed that people who understand this should be a leader.

was a king of Macedon, a state in northern ancient Greece. Born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander was tutored by Aristotle until the age of 16. By the age of thirty, he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from the Ionian Sea to the Himalayas. He was undefeated in battle and is considered one of history's most successful commanders.

Alexandria was founded around a small pharaonic town by Alexander the Great. It remained Egypt's capital for nearly a thousand years, until the Muslim conquest of Egypt in AD 64.

Diogenes of Sinope was a Greek philosopher and one of the founders of Cynic philosophy. Also known as Diogenes the Cynic, he was born in Sinope, an Ionian colony on the Black Sea, in 412 or 404 BC and died at Corinth in 323 BC.

Epicurus was an ancient Greek philosopher as well as the founder of the school of philosophy called Epicureanism. Only a few fragments and letters of Epicurus's 300 written works remain.

Zeno of Elea was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher of southern Italy and a member of the Eleatic School founded by Parmenides. Aristotle called him the inventor of the dialectic