AP Euorpean History First Semester Timeline

-Was a time of transition from medieval to modern times
-Ended when Spanish soldiers looted Rome

-Pope Urban VI wishes to make reform to the Curia
-September 20, 1378-->Cardinals separate and elect their own pope
-(1414-1417)Council of Constance-->Elect Martin V as new pope
-(1409-1410)Council of Pisa-->Alexander V elected as pope
-(1431-1449)Counsil of Basel-->Prague is given communion with Europe, Free preaching by ordained clergy, and punisment for clergy and laity alike
-Time of the Avignon Papacy and the Roman Papacy

-Killed many innocent people before people began to use the empirical method to see that these people were innocent and were being killed for no reason

-Council of Constance is when the papacy elected another pope
-Martin V was the new pope elected
-There were already three popes, but this new pope ahd been elected by the Avignon Papacy and the Roman papacy in order to not have chaos between the three popes

-Prince Henry "The Navigator" set the path for Christopher Columbus by trying to find a path from the coasts of Africa to Japan and China
-Columbus found South Amercia and the Bahamas, having no earlier knowledge that those places were not Asia

-Famous for the religious look at painting: depicted scenes with God, angels, etc.
-Large mantel pieces above fireplaces: Ghent Altarpiece
-Jan van Eyck and Albrecht Durer were famous Renaissnce artists during the Northern RenaissanceHumaniism and Erasmus

-Came through the invention of a cheap way to make paper
-Invented in the German city of Mainz
-Johann Gutenburg

-Father of Christian Humanism

-Married in 1469
-Devout Catholics

-Made by Ignatiius of Loyola after wounded in battle
-Church finally recognized Society of Jesus in 1540
-Ignatius of Loyla founded the Jesuits
-Jesuits are well educated about the Catholic Church

-By exploring the new worldColumbus made way for religious and merchant conquest
-Converted by force or freedom many Native Americans

-Disease was brought to the Americas, many Native Americans died
-Trade food and luxuries such as corn, rice, radishes, peaches, etc.
-Gave Native Americans horses (very valuble)

-Italy's powerful families began to war with each other
-Ludovico invites the French to come to Italy
-France refuses to leave

-Was the art style of the Italian Renaissance
-Up until the Baroque style

-Sistene Chapel painted during the pontificate's rule
-Known as the "Warrior Pope"
-Fully secured the Papal States

-Henry VIII wanted a divorce from Catherine of Aragon, but the Pope would not allow it
-Separated from the Catholic Churh to form the Church of England
-"Divorced, beheaded, died, divorced, beheaded, survived".

-Written as a satire on the way that rulers actually rule rather than the way that they should rule

-Started with Martin Luther's posting of the ninety-five theses on the Castle Church
-Lutheranism is created
-Luther excommunicated in 1521 t the Diet of Worms
-Diet of Augsburg does not settle religious differences
Council of Trent in 1545- 1563
-Thirty Years' War between religions

-Posted on the Castle Church
-Attack on Indulgences
-Wanted to debate certain policies in the Catholic Church

-Just before a papal bull had been put out for the excommunication of Martin Luther
-At the Diet of Worms Luther was told to recant his offenses agaimst the Church and he wouldn't

-German peassants began to loook up to Luther and revolted against the nobility
-Luther turned against them and supported the nobility in crushing the peasant revolts
-By the time the revolts were suppressed, 70,000 to 100,000 peasants died

-Battles between the Huguenots and the Catholics
-Capture of Francis I by Emperor Charles V forces (Battle of Pavia)
-Ended with the Edict of Nantes

-John Calvin converts to Protestantism in 1534
-Geneva revolts against the prince-bishop in the late 1520's
-Calvin swings the minds of the Genevans to adopt the Reformation
-Geneva at the time was Europe's only FREE city
-Calvin makes a second edition to "Institutes of Christian Religion"
-Geneva called a "Woman's Paradise"
-Genevan reformers want a new papacy

-Called the Silent because of his small group of confidants
-Assisted in the removal of Granvelle from office-Married Anne of Saxony in 1561

-Copernicus through his book introduced the idea of a helio-centric system instead of a geo-centric system
-Sun centered vs. Earth centered

• Emperor Charles V forced Pope Paul III to call a council of the church in order to reassert Church doctrines -reaffirmed the old tradition of education for the clergy, good works in salvation, transubstantiation, purgatory, etc.

-Compiled so much scientific (data) that his assistant wass able to use it to confirm the existence of a helio-centric universe
-Changed the thinking of theentire world when Tycho Brahe was able to take so many observations only with his eye and a telescope

-Also known as "Bloody Mary"
-Unpopular marriage with Philip II
-Militant Catholicism
-Henry VIII's first daughter

-Made the division of Christendom permanent
-"Cuius regio, eius reglio" (whoever ruled the land chooses the religion)

-Assisted by her advisor Sir William Cecil
-Daughter of Henry VIII's second wife Anne Boleyn
-1559--> an Act of Supremacy passed in Parliament repealing all anti-protestant legislation put in place by Mary I

-Ended with the removal of Cardinal Granvelle from office throught the help of William of Orange
-Granvelle had originally gone to the Netherlands to reassert spanish power over the Dutch

-The Thirty Nine Articles established Protestantism as the official religion of the Church of England

-Plays in Shakespeare's time (Elizabethan) were developed to form distinctive forms of tragedy, comedy, or morality

-King of Scotland
-Elizabeth I's succssesor
-Mary Queen of Scots son
-1620-->First colony founded by England in Plymouth
-James I makes peace with Spain in 1604
-Dies in 1624 and the English go back to war with Spain

-Banking systems are still used in current times
-Decline stopped any hope of hsving another functional empire like the Dutch

-Catherine de Medici's allows for the murder of 3,000 Huguenots to show the power of the Medici's and the Catholics over the Protestants

-Famous for its play of light
-Very popular to exercise dramatics

-Declared the internal regional sovereignty of the Netherlands

-Formed by the Northern Provinces of the Netherlands in response to the Southern Provinces Counter-revolutionary actions throught the Union of Arras

-Was a sign of power to all surrounding Spain

-Stopped all hopes of Catholics reconverting protestant England with out shedding blood

-Responsible for the Edict of Nantes
-Also known as Henry of Navarre before he rose to power

-Ended the wars between the Huguenots and the Cahtolics
-Established the religious freedoms the Henry IV had promised the French Huguenots (1591)

-Tried to impose royal administration on France

-Written as a Satire of the Spanish Government

-Used his predecessor's data to prove the heliocentric universe
-His predecessor was against the thought of the heliocentric universe

-Active participant in the 30 Years' War

-By a Catholic fanatic
-Because Hanry gave the Huguenots religious freedom in France (Through the Edict of Nantes)

-last war about religion
-Treaty of Westphalia ended the war
-Prussia and Austria rise to power after the war

-Critisized the idea that all knowledge was known and only needed to be explained

-French mathematician and physical scientist
-Believed in Faith through reason
-thought that atheists and deists of the time had overestimated reason

-Known for the star of the Long/Short Parliament and the English Civil War

-Put on trial to decide if he had disobeyed the mandate of 1616
-showed that the Church was trying to shut out the possibility of learning new science that they were not educated in

-Rejected thought of learning from others, but rather to learn from others and form your own opinions

-The Great Elector

-Short Parliament (April-May 1640) was dissolved because theking did not want to deal with a list of grievances from the English people
-Long Paliament (1640-1660) resulted in the English Civil War

-ABSOLUTE RULER

-Oliver Cromwell ruled with by a Military dictatorship
-Republic only for a short amount of time

-Reign of Richelieu and Mazarin led to the revolts by the nobles

-Gave the idea that humans were born greedy and had to enter into a social contract
-SOCIAL CONTRACT

-Was the restoration to the manarchy of the throne after the short (militant) republic of Oliver Cromwell

-Made open a path for men and sometimes women to discuss the thoughts of the Scientific Revolution in a

-Modernized Russia
-Tried to make Russia more like England

-Known for the Glorious Revolution
-Wanted to help the Roman Catholics

-Revoked under deep influence of Roman Catholicism

-Began with James II demanding the repeal of the Test Act
-Ended with James fleeing to France and William III and Mary II taking the English throne (1689)
-1688-->James II imprisoned Anglican Bishops when they refused to recognize the suspension of the laws against the Catholics

-Laws of Gravitation
-Laws of Physics

-Gave the English people rights under the king

-Predecessor of the idea of the Social Contract

-Sweden and Russia
-Sweden blocked Russia from the Baltic Sea

-Breakthrough of many inventions helping the motivation in trade
-Textile Production
-Spinning Jenny, Water Frame, Steam Engine, etc.

-English crown is allowed to go to to the Protestant House of Hanover if Queen Anne died without an heir

-Charles II (Last Habsburg emperor of Spain) died with out heirs
-Left inheritance to the French king's grandson

-Economy began to decline and the Netherlands slowly began to become second in place as a major world power

-Promoted the idea of free trade

-Built Versailles establishing the idea that he was the absolute

-Lavish
-Lighthearted decoration
-Play of light
-Pastel colors

-Recalled ancient style of republican values

-Fake stocks lead to not enough money
-France left in debt

-First Prime Minister of Britain

-Fashion created major income for the market and people did not any longer have to make their own clothes, they could buy them

-Opened "oppertunity" for the French and the English to fight wars with each other until 1815

-No heirs, daughter to succeed him just to keep a Hapsburg on the throne

-Ruler by the Pragmatic Sanction

-When the Austrian Queen had to fight for her land because the Spanish thought that they could take the land

-Austria with Britain v. France and Prussia
-Then switch: Austria with France v. Prussia and Britain

-Frederick the Great invades Saxony
-Treaty of Paris ends it (1763)
-Big worldwide conflict

-Satirical about war, religion, and the human condition

-Tries to insert many reforms at one time
-Considered an Enlightened ruler

-Emilie established the two social circles between men and women
-Social Contract established the beliefs of Rosseau in a published work (similar to Mantesquieu)

-Americans did not want to pay the unfair taxing of the British
-Led to other nations demanding independence from their mother countries

-Was considered an enlightened ruler but tried to implement taxes and economic reforms that the nobles of Austria rebelled against

-Produced thread at a faster pace

-Made originally (fully functional) by Thomas Newcomen
-James Watt patented a new and improved version of the Newcomen machine (along with partner Matthew Boulton)

-made in order to to separate the good and bad in cotton faster than by hand

-Big paintings and structures that were focused off of Romanticism and nature

-Introduced the idea of Capitalism

-New crops from the Columbian Exchange
-Jethro Tull invents the ironplow
-Charles "Turnip" Townsend-->learned to cultivate the sandy soil with various fertilizers
-New methods of growing crops-->not grown in an open field, but in an enclosure
-Methods of letting lands lie fallow and letting soil be fertile

-Deadlock
-Forced to call the Estates because the bank refused to grant the king short-term credit (1788)
-King agreed to meet with the Estates General through his advisor

-Rumors spread throughout the French countryside, causing panic
-Created many disturbances throughout France including the refusal to pay feudal dues and the destruction of legal documents

-Taken by the Third Estate when they separated from the Estates General and turned into the National Assembly
-Locked out of their normal meeting place by King Louis XVI
-Swore that they would meet until the people of France had a constitution

-Bastille known as a symbol of fear and the old regime
-People of Paris storm the Bastille and free some prisoners, others are killed
-All of the guards and the commander of the Bastille are killed after a lengthy battle
-Head of the commander is chopped off and paraded around on a stake

-The first constitution of France
-Written by the National Constituent Assembly (name changed)
-Women were not considered to be citizens
-Only men, and only men that paid a certain amount of money could vote

-The women of Paris (armed) marched to Versailles to confront the King Louis XVI
-Demanded that the food prices come down
-Forced the royal family to go back to Paris because the people thought that the King was too isolated in Versailles

-Forced all of the Clergy of the Roman Catholic Church in France to pledge their allegiance to the Revolution
-Made all the clergy a branch of the state
-confiscated all Church lands

-Was the National Constituent Assembly as an entire body
-Met under the constitution of 1791

-Austria and other European countries promised to intervene in France's politics if the stability was needed

-Started after the King was executed
-Robespierre declared that all rights to a significant trial with much evidence were suspended
-Explained by saying that everyone could be a suspect
-Many people fall victim to the gietene (public executions--> sometimes run 24 hours a day)

-Written as a woman's backlash to the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen"
-Was angry at men and at Rousseau because he thought that men and women occupied different spheres of influence

-Executed as a sign that the Monarchy was no longer in power
-Executed by gietine-->new form of execution (thought to be the most humane way)
-stripped of all his dignity and power
-Regicide

-Every able body man was conscripted into the French army
-France needed the men because they were in a war with five countries at the same time

-Adopted instead of worshipping God

-Thought to be a counter-revolutionary against the Committee of Public Safety

-Robespierre thought that the worship of reason instead of God was too abstract

-Beheaded so that the others of the National Assembly could be in power just as he was

-Replaced the monarchy after the Constitution of Year III

-No more monarchy

-Said that there was no hope for the working class to become any richer

-Overthrows the Directory for power

-If parents had a higher wage they would not have any more children and if wages are lower than the parents will give birth to more children