History Fall Final

British had an abundance of Chinese tea and sold it in the American markets, thus lowering the price and competing with American merchants=> Boston Tea Party (attempt to tweak mercantilism)

resistance to Intolerable Acts-> complete halt of trade and effort to prevent monopolies; new opportunity for colonists to participate in politics with representatives

Boston Port Act: Boston port closed until tea is payed back
Massachusetts Government Act: took away governors council election and appointed governors and council and all town meetings must apply to governor
Administration of Justice Act: allowed governor to decide where trials for capital crimes should take place(->no fair trial)
Quartering Act: soldiers housed in occupied homes

In 1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed

United States declared an independent nation; universal entitlement to the inalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

lot of federal government power but little states power, unicameral government

The Charles River Bridge company had a monopoly on bridges on the Charles River and the Warren Bridge Company had begun to make a bridge there, so Roger Taney ruled that it was okay if they finished bridge and then charged for it until the debts were paid off. Then it would be free. Okay because it was for the better interest of society

Said that citizens in West were equal citizens -> new states

Combined the New Jersey Plan of a unicameral legislature with one vote per state(smaller states), and the Virginia Plan of a three-branch, bicameral legislature with votes based on population representation(larger states)

Pennsylvania Farmers tried to block Whiskey Tax from Hamilton Plan that Jefferson had enacted

Federalist Bill:
-The Naturalization Act: all people born in US are as of the moment citizens; 14 yr residency for alien to become citizen
-The Alien Act: ability to deport any foreigners deemed dangerous (mostly bc of French coming from French Revolution)
-The Sedition Act: a crime to publish false libel against members of the government

A result of the Alien and Sedition Acts: Madison wrote Virginia Resolution asking federal government to protect free speech against Sedition Act; Kentucky resolution written by Jefferson saying that states could nullify laws made by Congress that were unconstitutional.

failed slave rebellion but well organized; -> tightening of slave control and laws

The Republicans gained office with Jefferson, but there was a tie between Jefferson and Aaron Burr-> the creation of the 12th Amendment that said if the election was tied it would go to the House of Representatives.

A bunch of people were appointed offices by Adams the night before he left office, but Madison(Jefferson's secretary of state) refused to give them their positions. Williams Marbury sued-> "judicial review": the court can review laws that states had made and review if they were constitutional; judicial brach=> branch with equal power

banned American ships from sailing to European ports because Jefferson didn't want to get involved in to war between France and Britain->devastation of American economy

repeals Embargo Act

Ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent; began because even after America won their freedom, Great Britain continued the practice of impressment on American ships

Spain sold Florida to the United States

John Marshal said that the Bank was a legal exercise of Congress's powers. The Elastic Clause in the Constitution said that congress could pass those laws that were necessary and proper and this was ruled as one of them.

When Missouri asked to enter the Union, big controversy over status of state. Decided that it would enter as slave state and Maine would enter as a free state so equal number of representation for free/slave states. All states below the 36 30 line would have slavey, but not slavery above it.
= the rising divisions that slavery created

Huge demand for American products after War of 1812, but when prices dropped to normal, speculative bubble burst. Banks asked for their money/loans and many people had gone bankrupt, thus deepening the distrust of banks

Claimed that the US wouldn't let European powers colonize the Americas, it would abstain from involvement in European wars, and warned European countries not to interfere with Latin America. **Asserted US dominance in the Western Hemisphere. and NATIONALISM

Clay vs.Adams vs. others BUT Clay dropped out and gave support to Adams-> base of Whig Party and Clay became Quincy Adams's sec of state

Court got rid of a monopoly that the New York legislature had granted for steamboat navigation because the power to regulate interstate commerce belonged to Congress and was granted by the Commerce Clause

Raised taxes on imported, manufactured goods. Southerners hated this especially SC and threatened to nullify it

Allotted money to remove the tribes eventually they were moved from the Southeast to Kentucky on something called the Trail of Tears

believed he was chosen to lead a rebellion. He and followers marched from farm to farm assaulting white inhabitants.
Sent shock throughout the plantation owner community->stricter and more punishments for slaves
turning point = brought forth idea of gradual emancipation

Response to the nullification crisis of SC over the tariff of abominations. allowed him to send an army to enforce tariffs

Began right when Van Buren came into office; BUS was killed in 1836 and Jackson placed federal funds into pet banks but government couldn't regulate state banks' activities. Too much paper money was produced causing inflation-> specie circular and government only took gold and silver as payment. England demanded payment of debts in gold and silver as well OVERALL lead to serious economic downturn

War over land; American support by manifest destiny

David Wilmot proposed prohibition of slavery in Mexico Cession territory
-> Free Soil Party of 1848

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott barred from participating in anti-slavery convention because they were women so they created a gathering on women suffrage;
"Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions" new version of Declaration of Independence with women place into the words

Henry Clay's attempt to resolve sectional differences and get CA admitted as a state:
-California = free state in Union
-slave trade in capital abolished
-law to reclaim runaway slaves
-status of slavery in new states left to popular sovereignty
-US to pay of Texas debts acquired while it was an independent state

federal commissioners could determine the fate of fugitive slaves without a jury

Douglas's bill passed in 1854; said that there would be no slavery in new territories-> Democratic part split in two; South became mostly democrat whereas Whigs and old Democrats became the Republican party
Douglas made bill because he wanted to make transcontinental railroad but need territories to be states in order for railroad to be successful

declared the rationale behind why US should purchase Cuba from Spain and if couldn’t purchase it it would wage war with Spain; manifest destiny, Monroe doctrine etc. Some debate over whether to make it a slave state or not but decided against because of Controversy with Kansas-Nebraska Act

killed master while she was being sexually assaulted, but not considered self-defense because she is not considered "a woman" so she was sentenced to death after her baby was born

went to free state with master and wished to be free so sued and Roger Taney ruled slavery constitutional

Attempt to admit Kansas as a slave state. Drafted by proslavery peeps as real constitution but never official or submitted to a vote

Harpers Ferry in Virginia took it over with other men but executed-> martyr for many northerners despite wrongdoings

Senator John Crittenden proposed that Missouri Compromise line be extended to the Pacific Ocean (36, 30) BUT the seceding states rejected it as an action taken too little too late

After Lincoln became president, Southern states began to secede from Union. Separate economies of North and South

Lincoln proposed easy way to allow South back to Union. Could get majority of rights back as long as they swore an oath of loyalty and once 10% of people took oath they could elect a new state government

Response to 10% Plan, made by radical Republicans and much harsher; required a majority of southerners to swear oath and guaranteed blacks' equality before the law BUT didn't include participation by blacks

Abolished slavery

war measure; ability to divide and hand out confiscated land to former slaves. Vetoed by Johnson because it got rid of big national government, it believes that rights should go to states
-> to ensure equal legal treatment, establish schools, settle racial disputes, and create a free labor working system

Appomattox Courthouse Lee surrenders to Grant

Said that people born in the US were citizens, regardless of race. Spelled out rights and said blacks were equal before law. VETOED BY JOHNSON BUT STILL PASSED

attempt to change society and fix nation; desire to give blacks equal amount of rights

Passed by congress to limit power of president. Said that president couldn't remove certain officeholders without the consent of the Senate; once Johnson violated that act he was impeached

Gave citizenship to everyone born in the US; All rights protected; if states denied the right to vote to any particular group they simply wouldn't have that group as representation in Congress; passed in order to make Civil Rights Act of 1866 constitutional

Said that federal and state governments could not deny any citizen the right to vote based on race

To stop KKK and Grant sent troops to arrest them so that soon they were stopped and group dissolved

attack citizens of Colfax with canons in Louisiana

economic depression detracted attention from Southern Reconstruction

the 14th amendment didn't change traditional federalism and citizens' rights belonged to the state so couldn't do anything about prejudice against blacks in New Orleans slaughterhouse business

outlawed discrimination in public hotels and theaters

threw out those convicted of Colfax Massacre in 1873 because it went against Enforcement Acts

Election of 1876 was highly disputed because 50-50 vote between Hayes and Tilden, so bargain was that if Hayes won for Republicans, he would recognize Democratic control of the South and not intervene in local affairs, thus ordering the last of the troops out of the South. Democrats had to protect political and civil rights but they did not do so.