Arch Final

Initially 6 individuals (neanderthals)
Adult male, Adult female, 3 children, 1 infant
3rd child found in 1973
70 000 ya
intentional burials?

1 individual (1982)
Intentional burial (obvious pit)
60,000 ya
Complete torso missing (missing skull and legs)

9 individuals
intentional burials? Shanidar #4 may have been buried with wild flowers

AMHs differ from eachother only at 100 positions
AMHs differ from Neanderthal at 206 positions
split from common ancestor between 350,000-800,000 ya

1-2 week old infant
Neanderthal or direct ancestor

mtDNA from finger bone (found 2008-announced 2010)
A species that overlapped Neanderthals and us?
Also interbred with modern humans

At least 2 individuals
Associated with cave bear remains
Oldest AMH in Europe so far
hybrids?

10 crania and 5500 other skeletal fragments
MNI 28; at least 12 females and 8 males
one individual <10, three individuals >35 but majority are adolescents or young adults
Clearly ancestors of later Neandertals
Double arched browridge, mid facial prognathism. Cranial capacites range 1125-1390 (mean modern for humans 1350)

43000 El Sidron, Spain
50000 Monti lessini, Italy
affects production of red and yellow pheomelanin and black and brown pigmentation eumelanin
point mutation at this gene that turned it off

Well preserved cranium
Earliest example of AMH from East Asia
Sinodonty: shovel shaped incisors, common in modern Asian humans but not European or African

2-4 infant neanderthal
intentional burial not likely (face down)

At least 10 individuals-some intentionally buried
Variation among the remains (some modern, some neanderthal, some hybrids)
Used Mousterian Industry (European Neanderthals Stone tool industry)
Some perforated shells for ornamentation
Skhul 5: occipital bun, browridge, mid-facial prognathism

Five buried individuals
Adult female with child at her feet
Boy with antlers placed over his head
Have chins, vertical forehead, no real brow ridge
Perforated shells and red ochre ornamentation?

Bouchra (good news) 8-10 year old Girl
discovered in 2009
Shell beads (intentionally perforated?)
Obviously AMH

Remains of up to 10 individuals but no complete crania
Pointy chin
No retro-molar gap
fully modern post crania
Associated with advanced technology
Symbolic behaviour : Red ochre

Three crania, one somewhat complete
1450 cc
High cranial vault
greatest breadth high on cranium
occiptal bun

1300-1450 cc JI #1
Long, low vault, Neanderthal-like but more vertical forehead, flatter face, modern chin, not a neanderthal, more brow ridge, modern looking mandible

2 Incomplete crania, 4 mandibles and assorted other pieces
Early AMHs
more modern looking
Omo 2 cranial capactiy of >1400 cc
Prominent chin, receding forehead but not much, round cranial vault

Homo Heidelbergensis cranium 1230 cc
Thought to be same species as Kabwe.
Petralona and Kabwe are 6000 km and 2 continents apart

Taurodontism: Taurodontism is a condition found in the molar teeth of humans whereby the body of the tooth and pulp chamber is enlarged vertically at the expense of the roots.
Condition Seen in Neanderthals

Cranial fragments of early Archaic homo sapien discovered from a Spring
Intermediate between H. Heidelbergensis and early AMHs
Square eye orbit, smaller nasal aperature, Taller cranium, flatter forehead, flatter face, small brow ridge

European Homo Heidelbergensis fossil deformed post-depositionally
Cranial capacity approx 1100-1150 cc

Not quite Neanderthal, likely an immediate ancestor

European Homo Heidelbergensis Type fossil. Massive lower jaw with moderate size teeth

Layer 6, oldest hominin remains found so far in Western Europe. Animal remains. 1993 test excavation, 2002 actual excavations

Mandible and tooth at level 9. Homo fossils of undetermined hominid. Animal remains

No hominin remains but stone tools. Dated by small mammal biochronology and paleomagnetism

Cranial Fragments but question if hominid? No stone tools