WHAP Fall Final Study Guide

Giant head sculptures
Small on Atlantic coast in Mexico, influenced to Pacific coast
Corn, beans, squash
Social stratification
Irrigation/ drainage canals, raised fields, large scale buildings
Skilled artisans- jade figurines, necklaces, ceremonial stuff
Merchants traded jade, pottery, obsidian
Not an empire!

Andes civilization, first S. American urban center
Trade may have relied on military force
Politically/ economically dominant, influential
Roads, bridges, temples, palaces, irrigation/drainage projects
LLAMAS for transport and MEAT (EWWW) and wool
Metallurgy

Founded the Inca Empire

On island of Crete, named after King Minos
Widespread trade
Undeciphered language
Mycenaeans destroyed? Took over Cnossus (city)

Many cities, including Pylos, Tiryns, Iolcus, Athens and Thebes
Writing system = Linear B (deciphered)
Power from trade, piracy, mercenaries

Cyrus overthrows Medes, take over Lydia, Babylonia
Darius
Cambyses, conquers Egypt
Xerxes, invades Greece
Defeated by Alexander the Great (Phillip of Macedonia's son)

Hoplites
Solon reforms laws
Athenians stop Persians at Marathon
Athenians = leader of Delian league
Pericles, democracy
Peloponnesian War (Persians vs. Greeks)
Philip of Macedonia takes control of Greece

You should know this. I'm not covering all this.

Greek plays and important stuff

Not a state or empire, just close kinship groups
Priests = Druids
Successful agriculturalists
Very stereotypical (think Brave, etc.)

Greek Philosopher

Greek philosopher

Caesar Augustus
Blah blah blah
Diocletian divides
Constantine and capital to Byzantium/Constantinople

Jesus dies and his disciples spread Christianity and send out missionaries and whatnot

Very important
Byzantine Empire and Constantinople

Roman capital moves to Constantinople

Emperor of the Byzantine Empire
Sought to revive the "greatness" of Roman Europe and conquer the western half of the Roman Empire

Founder of Islam
"Last Messenger of God"
Left no successor
Did not write down his words, were recorded after his death in the Quran

In Egypt

In Mesopotamia
Originally for economic purposes

Small states unified by Menes, 3100 BCE

King was divinely chosen to maintain ma'at, or order/balance
King was source of justice/law, so no written law
Memphis = capital
Complex bureaucracy record land, labor, products, people, taxes
Hieroglyphics (writing system) on papyrus
Officials elected, buried near king
Centralized

Isolationist foreign policy
Thebes = more prominent
New middle class of administrators
Forces struck south into Nubia, extending border

Hammurabi comes to power in Old Babylonian Egypt
Had Code of Law written down
Aggressive military campaigns

In Nubia
Destroyed by Egypt 1500 BCE (during New Kingdom)

Princes of Thebes after century of foreign rule (Hyskos)
No longer isolationist, are expansionist and aggressive
Hatshepsut, Amenhotep = Akhenaten, spreads belief in Aten, sun god, Ramesses II (the Great)

Conquered Egypt
Son of Philip of Macedonia

Founded the Ayyubid dynasty
First Sultan of Egypt and Syria
A Kurdish Muslim

Emperor of Mali Empire
Went on a pilgrimage to Mecca
Very rich
Founded Mosques which helped people learn/become literate

A Muslim Moroccan explorer
Wrote the Rihla, a story of his journeys

Central Anatolia (Turkey)
Plastered mud-brick rooms, elaborately decorated
Outer walls of houses formed continuous wall
Long distance trade in obsidian
Craftwork important- made pottery, wove baskets, worked leather and wood
No evidence of political structure/ dominant class

Harrappa and Mohenjo-Daro = two great cities
Modern day Pakistan
Undeciphered writing system
Major urban centers w/ walls, streets in grid pattern, sewage system, uniform/regulatory sizes
Strong central authority
Metal mostly used for tools rather than jewelry, etc.
Great technology (irragation, kiln baked bricks, bronze)
Widespread trading

MYTHICAL
Said to have ruled the core region of the Yellow River Valley
Identified by some archaeologists as the Neolithic Longshan cultural complex

2000 BCE = Bronze Metallurgy
Prominent class = warrior
Several capitals, most important = Anyang
King ruled core, nobles/royal family ruled outer, most distant regions = native rules who pledged allegiance to king (decentralized)
Long distance trade
Divination, kings = indispensable divine intermediaries

Divided into two periods: Western Zhou (1046-771 BCE) and Eastern Zhou (771-256 BCE)
Mandate of Heaven
Decline in divination, bloody sacrifice, elaborate burial
Sophisticated administration
Very decentralized
Eastern Zhou 771 BCE, capital moves to Luoyang (in the East)
Political fragmentation = Warring States Period
Legalism, Daoism, Confucism, yin and yang, etc.

Founded Buddhism in India

Founded Confucianism

During end of Zhou period
After the Spring and Autumn period (770-475 BCE)
Ended with the fall of the Zhou and foundation of the Qin
Confucius lived during this time (551-479 BCE)

Daoism
Yin Yang

India
Founded by Chandragupta Maurya
Centralized
ASHOKA- expanded then became Buddhist
Political fragmentation = end

Mauryan Emperor in India
Expanded rapidly, but saw the consequences (death) and converted to Buddhism
Promoted nonviolence and Buddhism

After Warring States Period
Centralized administration
Standardized writing, weights and measures
Harsh methods of rule
Suppressed dissenting thought
Used resources too fast, too many projects
Followed by Han Dynasty

After Warring States Period and Qin
Divided into Western/Former Han (206 BCE to 9 CE) and Eastern/Later Han (25-220 CE)
Modified/consolidated foundation of the imperial order
Confucianism established as orthodoxy
Civil service examinations
Power reached Korea and Vietnam
Records of the Historian
Daoism
Capital = Chang'an
Son of Heaven/Mandate of Heaven
Nomadic group attacks helped decline

Claimed to be the Son of the Jewish God
Crucified on a cross 32 CE
Founded Christianity
Disciples spread belief

Political fragmentation
North dominated by nomad groups (same that helped decline)
South ruled by successive dynasties
Buddhism SPREAD

Emperor of Byzantine Empire
Converted to Christianity
Moved capital to Byzantium (Constantinople)

Founded by Chandra Gupta (purposely was a copy cat)
Theater-state
Never very centralized

Unified China again
Reestablished Confucianism as central government philosophy
Buddhism = strong political influence
Daoism, Nestorian Christianity, Islam also present
Built new Chang'an as capital
1,100 mile Grand Canal for trade/communication w/ South
Speed/scale of projects/construction/whatever may have lead to fall

Li family ended Sui rule and founded Tang
Expanded westward but not east under Li Shimin
Not overly centralized, allowed local nobles/officials power
Formidable army
Confucianism also central gov philosophy but LOTS of Buddhist influence
Tributary system centered around Chang'an
Over expanded
Defeated by Arabs 751, stopped expansion
Afterwards not enough monetary/moral support, fell

Divided into Northern (960-1127) and Southern (1127-1279)
Many economic and social changes
Monetization of the economy
Growth in commerce/trade
Urban expansion
Technological innovations
Examination system

The Great Khan
Lead Mongols
Began period of Mongol conquering and rule

Founder of Yuan Dynasty

Explorer/merchant
Helped introduce Europeans to Asians

Founded by Mongols/ Kublilai/Great Khan
Created new capital at present-day Beijing
Theater state

Founded by Zhu Yuanzhang (AKA Hongwu)
Authoritarian political culture
Early expansion
Used Confucianism to justify war on Mongols in empire
Yongle renovated Forbidden City (Beijing capital)
Zheng He is a Muslim who goes exploring
^adds 50 new tributary states but doesn't increase long distance trade w/ them

Muslim explorer during the Ming Empire
Knew about Middle East b/c dad and grandfather's pilgrimages to Mecca
Good ambassador b/c of faith

A Manchu dynasty
Continued economic developments of late Ming
Prosperous but complacent
Population DRAMATICALLY increased
Political decrease
Rapid incorporation of new territories = more strain
Authoritarian structure was unable to met military and cultural challenges of the expansive West
19th century Opium Wars and Taiping Rebellion damaged political strength

Weak central government after dynastic system collapse
Western influence (promotion of science and democracy), New Culture Movement
Sun Yat-Sen and Chiang Kai-Shek = important rulers
Nationalist gov failed to bring entire country under control 1928, fled to Taiwan after Communist defeat

Communism
Mao Ze Dong and Deng Xiaoping and all the Kim Jongs
Attempts to "remake" society end in disasters (Great Leap Forward, Cultural Revolution)
Economic reform to captialism 1978
1989 Tiananmen Square massacre
1997 Hong Kong returned to China from Britain

Iron Age and stuff