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Use Cases
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Resources
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Pricing
1368 - 1644
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1405 - 1433
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7 Main Voyages
1453 - 1683
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Strongest
Core area c. 1300; empire at 1566
1500 - 1740
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British and French try to copy Dutch
1556 - 1707
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Most extensive unification of the sub-continent yet
1600 - 1858
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1635 - 1850
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Japan remained isolated from European trade and firmly entrenched in a feudal order
1644 - 1911
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Expansion 1700-1800
ruling minority faced issues with expanding population
1703 - 1792
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demanded a return to the pure Islam of Muhammad and the early caliphs; Wahhabism named after him; threatened Ottoman hold on the Arabian Peninsula; represented a pure Islamic faith that attracted clerics and ordinary people throughout the Muslim world
1736 - 1819
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1769 - invents the steam engine
1750 - 1850
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England's Boom
1750 - 1780
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Assume role of Mughal governors
"Rape of Bengal" 1760s
1754 - 1817
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Northern Nigeria
most powerful African reform movements
he ultimately created a vast Islamic empire; an enduring decentralized state structure which became known as the Sokoto caliphate in 1809 developed into a stable empire that helped spread Islam through the region
sought inspiration in the life of Muhammad and demanded a return to early Islamic practices; it attacked false belief and urged followers to wage holy war (jihad) against unbelievers
women were important
1757
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East India Co, becomes effective ruler of the Mughal province of Bengal by bribing and defeating the Mughal governor's forces
1762 - 1798
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Empress of Russia;
Pressing from the Black Sea towards the Mediterranean
Defeats Ottomans in battle 1792
1768 - 1813
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fought for Native American unity against the Europeans like his brother Tenskwatawa
1769 - 1821
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put security and order ahead of social reform
centralized government administration and established a system of rational tax collection - created a civil legal code
1770 - 1947
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Highest level in British hands; "permanent settlement" in Bengal 1793;
Governor Cornwallis reforms
"zamindars" from Mughal tax collectors to landlords
Huge Change in 1858 - turned into more collaborative
Lord Dalhousie after being appointed in 1848 had big impact on the Company Raj
1772 - 1837
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"utopian socialism - most visionary and influential of all Restoration-era alternative movements
convinced that the division of labour and repressive moral conventions were destroying mankind's natural talents and passions
thought utopia could occur through organization not bloodshed
first formulated the idea in 1808
1772 - 1833
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Self-strengthening
Indian Nationalist Ideas
Value Hindu culture as one source of universal truth
Hindu civilization in need of reform from within and from certain Western ideas
Found "Brahmo Samaj" - 1828
1775 - 1836
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was turned into a prophet that promoted giving up any ties with the Europeans and turning back to Native roots and they would be rewarded
1776 - 1783
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Colonists objected to new measures of having to pay taxes when they lacked political representation in the British Parliament
thought people had the right to govern themselves
Treaty of Paris - 1783 - gave the United States its independence
1787 - 1828
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leader of a branch of the Zulus;
created a ruthless warrior state
forced a shift from small clan communities to large, centralized monarchies throughout southern and central Africa
built an enduring Zulu community and established its traditions against encroachments by outside European forces
strong and fearless and aggressive man
1789 - 1799
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people were going to be taxed more to account for country's debt
Bastille Day - July 14, 1789
new era of liberty, equality, and fraternity - absent of constraint rather than a special privilege
connected people more closely with a nation
1789 - 1807
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Self- Strengthening 1
Reverses attitude to Europe
1791 - 1804
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successful slave revolt following French defeat in Europe
made other areas fear slave revolt
1796 - 1804
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1798
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Dresses as Egyptian noble to woo allies in Egypt vs the British
1799 - 1815
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went on a huge mission of expansion
defeat in Russia over a winter allowed other countries to gain an edge against him
1803 - 1867
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Abolition and decline of Atlantic Slave Trade
People from all different parts of the world thought it was immoral
European's promoted other types of trade with Africa
1805 - 1848
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Governor of Ottoman Egypt
made reforms in education and agriculture
1807
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1809 - 1882
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Laid out theories of natural selection; people used this to justify strong nations
set of beliefs called social Darwinism legitimated the suffering of the underclasses in industrial society - some Europeans came to believe that therefore nature itself gave them the right to rule others - not what Darwin actually believed
1809 - 1874
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Qing official leading "Manchu restoration" 1860s
1810 - 1824
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lots of different revolts in search of "freedom"
Brazil's was relatively peaceful the monarchy gave over control
Mexico's did not lead to stability
Spain's grip loosened on its colonies
1814 - 1864
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Leader of the Taipings
1815 - 1848
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the social and political ferment of the efforts to restore the old order
gave Restoration-era states and radicals many political options to choose from
"Age of Ideology"
people wanted something even bigger than the French Revolution to completely wipe out this period's political and economic order
liberalism
1817 - 1898
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Reformer
Moslem Politics
Leads to Moslem League
1818 - 1883
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scientific socialism
along with Friedrich Engels thought the working class was being exploited
wanted all nations to overthrow capitalism
1820 - 1895
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1820 - 1903
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"Evolution of species" applied to social evolution
1823 - 1901
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Qing official leading "self-strengthening" industrialization 1870-1880s
1824 - 1883
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Founds "Arya Samaj" - 1875
Hindu as India's true path
1826 - 1839
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Tanzimat reforms in Ottoman Empire
1832 - 1912
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Race pride and "African modernity"
"Africa for the Africans" (1872);
Christianity, Islam, and the Negro Race (1887); African Life and Customs (1908)
Racial difference accepted; inferiority rejected;
Coins "the African Personality"
Africa as the "spiritual conservatory of the world"
1835 - 1883
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Making Africa modern with imperial cooperation (1860s);
(Political Economy of British Western Africa (1865);West African Countries and Peoples (1868))
attacks early arguments about African racial inferiority; proposes distinct political evolution for each West African society; welcomes British support
1839 - 1842
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1839 - 1861
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Tansimat (reorganization) -1839
millets (community-specific laws)
1840 - 1872
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In Britain
1842
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British acquired island of Hong Kong and the right to trade directly with the Chinese in five treaty ports and to reside there
also forced Chinese to repay the costs of war
followed Opium Wars
1847 - 1901
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went through different phases;
mostly between the Mayans and the white people in Mexico;
each side had periods of triumph
became a cursade for spiritual salvation and the complete cultural sparation of the Mayans
1850 - 1914
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Dream was the rearrangement of borders in order to unite dispersed communities; posed threat to ruler empires/countries;
Jamal al-Din al-Afghani - 1839-1897 - spokesperson for pan-Islamism;
1850 - 1865
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Taiping rebels promised to restore lost harmony
1850
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Britain
1853 - 1856
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France and Britain support Sultan against Russia; demand trade access as reward;
Erosion of area
1853 - 1912
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Beginning - American Admiral Perry forces the issue with a gunboat in 1853 Meiji Restoration 1853-1868
Reign of Emperor Mutsuhito - helped 1868-1912;
huge economic transformation
1856 - 1860
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1857
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"Sepoy (Soldier) Rebellion"/"Revolt of 1857"/"First War of Resistance"
Failure to manage the system
Lord Dalhousie's "policy of lapse" provokes princes - Rani of Jhansi
Broad change of policy
1857 - 1858
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Fought against violations of treaties
1858 - 1927
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Leader of "100 Days of Reform"
1860 - 1914
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African Christianity (1880s);
Founds independence Native Baptist Church Lagos 1888
1860 - 1870
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Tsar Alexander II launched "Great Reforms" to make Russia more modern and to preserve its status as a great power
1860 - 1911
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"Manchu Restoration" - beginning 1860-1890
Later - 1890s-1911
1861 - 1865
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Divided between North and South - over open to slavery or restricted to free labor
abolition of slavery; moment of thought towards voting and citizen rights to male freed slaves; then shut down by "terrorism"
established preeminence of the national government; invigorated nationalism
1861 - 1909
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Multiple changes to the system
1865 - 1909
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Belgian King; most determined African empire builder
1866 - 1871
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1866 - 1925
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symbolized the challenge of nation building;
His message was for Chinese - Han - nationalism
1867
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1868 - 1886
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Diamonds (1868); Gold (1886) in South African interior
1868 - 1913
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1868- local elections in Britain
Finland, Sweden, some American states - locally
1893 - national elections New Zealand
1902 - national in Australia
1906 - national in Finland
1913 - national in Norway
1869 - 1948
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The Mahatma's Mission
To unite the parts against Europeans
And claim the whole
1869
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Completion of the Suez Canal shortened ship travels between Europe and Asia and lowered the costs of inter-regional trade; information moved faster
1870 - 1900
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European expansion in sub-Saharan Africa
1870 - 1871
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Completed unification of Germany; destabilized France
1873 - 1896
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Increased Competition between industrialized European states
Fear markets & resources at at their limits
1876 - 1909
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Supposed to be allied with Young Ottomans; turns against them
1880 - 1920
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Mostly Europe and the US
1881
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French railway advance into Sudan
1882
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1882
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British seize Suez Canal for loan default
1885
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1890 - 1900
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Racial laws because slavery was banned but they still wanted to be racist
1890 - 1900
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Construction connects across all of Russia - helps for power control
1894 - 1895
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Japan defeats China over Korea, Taiwan
Europeans demand access to specific areas in China - for their spheres of influence; USA wants to keep an open door policy
1896
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Menelik II of Ethiopia was the only one successful in repulsing the Europeans.
Beat the Italian forces at the Battle of Adwa;
Later inspired many nationalists
1896 - 1912
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Lots of notable moments of resistance around the entire continent of Africa
1898
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Ending of Qing Dynasty
1898 - 1901
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Ending of Qing Dynasty
Against all forms of Christianity; Qing joined them against western influence declared war; foreign army came and crushed them; revealed widespread political opposition to westernization and the willingness of disaffected populations to resist western programs
1898
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1899 - 1902
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Origins in Discovery of Gold
pitted two white communities against each other but involved 4 mil black people and 1 mil white
guerrilla warfare - concentration camp development
1901 - 1909
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President
1902
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1904 - 1905
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1904 - 1906
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Fighting escalated to such an extent that the German commander issued an extermination order against the Herero population (killing 90%)
1905 - 1906
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1907 - 1913
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Panic on Wall Street; no regulations
1913- US Congress ratified the Federal Reserve Act to help
1908
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Seize power through Sultan Mohammed V
"Imperial Death/National Birth"
1910
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1910 - 1920
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Wanted to topple General Porfirio Diaz and his strong arm rule; creation of rural communes for Mexico's peasantry called ejidos; new national myths based on the heroism of rural peoples, Mexican nationalism, and a celebration of the Aztec past
1911
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Overthrow of the Qing Empire
1914
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1915
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1922 - 1938
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M.K. Attaturk "Father of the Turks"
1930 - 1940
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